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Regulation of Reproductive Technologies: Past, Present, and Future

Delve into the journey of reproductive technologies from the first IVF baby born in England in 1978 to the establishment of regulatory bodies like the Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority in the UK. Explore the ethical, legal, and technological aspects surrounding IVF, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, therapeutic cloning, and stem cell research. Discover the benefits and challenges of regulation, the evolving landscape of fertility treatments, and the promising potential of stem cells in curing various diseases.

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Regulation of Reproductive Technologies: Past, Present, and Future

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  1. GRESHAM LECTURE I Reproductive Technologies and the birth of Regulation

  2. A UK First

  3. The First IVF Baby • Born in England 1978 • Sparked off global debate • Became a nursery nurse • Has her own child

  4. In vitro fertilisation

  5. The Warnock Report • 1984: people need principles • Moral consensus • Regulate

  6. Human Fertilistion & Embryology Authority UK • Established by 1990 Act • Licences and monitors clinics and laboratories, IVF and embryo research • 21 members appointed after advertisement

  7. Benefits of regulation • Protection of the embryo • Welfare of the child • Record of treatments and donors • Control of market forces • Answerable and representative • Looking ahead

  8. The Realities of Regulation • The constraints of the legal framework • Resources need to enforce and defend in court • The power of the media and images • The pressure from politicians

  9. Fertility For Ever • Frozen eggs give hope to young cancer patients

  10. As Fertile as a Man • Career women can put their eggs on ice until the time and the man are right

  11. ICSI • Cure for male infertility – 50% of cases

  12. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis • Unite sperm and egg in the laboratory • Fertilised egg grows to 8 cell size • Remove 1 cell and test for disease • Test also for compatibility (HLA)

  13. PGD

  14. Cloning Dolly

  15. Cloning

  16. Human cloning

  17. USA • Anti-regulation and federal control • No federal funds for new stem cell lines • Private clinics uncontrolled • Council on Bioethics • Democrat-Republican differences

  18. California • Proposition 71, 2004, state funding for stem cell research • California Institute for Regenerative Medicine • Independent Citizens’ Oversight Committee

  19. Categories of Regulation • I Prohibition of all human embryo research • II Use of stem cell lines already in existence • III Use of embryos surplus to IVF for stem cell research • IV Allow creation of embryos for stem cell research

  20. Procedural Safeguards • Health monitoring and risk warnings • Integrity of statistics • Secure database • Information for patients • Limits on the number of embryos used • Length of storage • Disposition of embryos on divorce • Regulation, licences and sanctions

  21. A Legislative Minimum • Prohibitions on cloning, experiments in the womb, genetic manipulation • Inspection of clinics and laboratories • 14-day rule for keeping embryos • Commerce in gametes • Control patenting

  22. Animal-human embryos for research

  23. The Future • Artificial wombs from week 2 to 26 or longer

  24. What are Stem Cells? • Derived from early human embryos of a few days’ growth • Adult stem cells derived from bone marrow, skin, umbilical cord, blood • They are the origin of all our cells • Will help us to understand disease • Might make cells and tissue for transplantation and renewal

  25. Therapeutic cloning

  26. Stem Cells and Cures • Nerve cells might cure Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, spinal cord injury, stroke • Embryo cells might help infertility • Heart muscle cells for heart disease • Blood cells for cancer, leukaemia • Skin cells for burns and wounds • Bone cells for osteoporosis

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