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RUSSIA Dilara Sarı – Enis Altıok- Mate Bagossy

RUSSIA Dilara Sarı – Enis Altıok- Mate Bagossy. Russia: The largest federation (as well as the largest country) Spread over 2 continents 11 time zones Population = 145 million people Contains over 100 distinct nationalities but 80% of the population is Russian.

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RUSSIA Dilara Sarı – Enis Altıok- Mate Bagossy

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  1. RUSSIADilara Sarı – Enis Altıok- Mate Bagossy

  2. Russia: • The largest federation (as well as the largest country) • Spread over 2 continents • 11 time zones • Population = 145 million people • Contains over 100 distinct nationalities but 80% of the population is Russian

  3. The History of The Federation • Peter the Great’s structural changes, followed by Romanovs • Lenin’s leadership in 1917 Revolution • The Bolsheviks uniting to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

  4. USSR • 1936 Constitution honoring the federal structure • Later on highly centralized, imposed, non voluntary • Disputes between the center and the peripheries- especially due to revenue collection (natural resources etc.) • Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost during the 80s

  5. Yeltsin and his struggle against the center • June 1991- declaration of sovereignty by the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic • 1992 March – official foundation of the Russian Federation

  6. Russian Federation • Same structure and same constituents as RSFSR, except for Tatarstan and Chechnya at the moment of the federal treaty • Tatarstan later on joined through bilateral agreements • Yeltsin = “as much sovereignty as they could swallow” • Asymmetrical • Many differences among the constituents due to bilateral treaties and rapid decentralization

  7. The federation consists of 89 constituents: • 21 republics • 49 oblasts (regions) • 6 krais (territories) • 10 okrugs (districts) • 1 autonomous oblast • 2 federal cities (St. Petersburg, Moscow)

  8. Political Structure • Semi-presidential • Executive= President + Cabinet : • The president is elected every 6 years, with no consecutive terms (the Putin- Medyedev swap) • Overtime, especially during Putin era, there were attempts to increase presidential power • Presidential candidates can be nominated directly from the elected parties in the parliament, and from other parties and independent candidates as well if the requirements are fulfilled • Cabinet ministers and prime minister is appointed by the President, but need the confidence of the Parliament

  9. *data retrieved from http://www.russiavotes.com

  10. Legislative= Parliament (Federal Assembly): 1)Federation Council:Upper chamber, each constituent has 2 representatives these rep. used to be the head of executive and legislation branches in the regions, but now there are full time ‘Senators’ 2) State Duma: 450 deputies, proportional representation, elections are hold every 5 years, 7% threshold

  11. Political Parties in Duma • Russia’s main party is the United Russia Party (highly influenced by Putin) • The Communist Party is the main opposition, with ranging voter turn outs over the years • There are 4 parties in the Duma: UR, Communist Party of Russian Federation, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and A Just Russia

  12. Judiciary = The Supreme Court+ Superior Court of Arbitration +The Constitutional Court • The Constitutional Court oversees federal cases: • 19 judges • Nominated by the president • Confirmed by the Federal Council • Has been criticized often in the history of the federation = “war of laws” era

  13. HOW ARE THE POLICIES AND POWERS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE FEDERAL CENTER AND THE REGIONS? The Federal Constitution of 1993 B) The different types of Federal Subjects

  14. A) The Federal Constitution: • Article 66: The status of a republic shall be defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the constitution of the republic in question. • The status of a subject of the Russian Federation may be changed only with mutual consent of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitutional law.

  15. Article 67: The boundaries between the subjects of the Russian Federation may be changed by their mutual agreement.

  16. Article 71:  The jurisdiction of the Federal Government of Russia. • Article 72:  Joint jurisdiction between the Federal Government and the Federam subjects. • -Protection of the rights of ethnic minorities. • -Management of natural resources. • Article 73: Outside of the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on issues within the joint jurisdiction […], the subjects of the Russian Federation shall exercise the entire spectrum of state power!

  17. B) The different federal subjects: • 21 Republics of Russia: home of a specific ethnic minority • 4 Autonomous okrugs: more autonomous than oblasts but less than republics • 46 Oblasts: most common type of federal subjects • 9 Krais: once considered frontier regions • 1 Autonomous oblasts: Jewish Autonomous Oblast • 2 Federal cities: Moscow and St Petersburg

  18. B) The different federal subjects: • 21 Republics of Russia: home of a specific ethnic minority • 4 Autonomous okrugs: more autonomous than oblasts but less than republics • 46 Oblasts: most common type of federal subjects • 9 Krais: once considered frontier regions • 1 Autonomous oblasts: Jewish Autonomous Oblast • 2 Federal cities: Moscow and St Petersburg

  19. Fiscal Policies • Asymmetrical Federalism: • High asymmetry create differences in the bargaining power. • Neither the Russian Constitution nor the Federation Treaties guarantee equal living standarts in all of Russia’s regions.

  20. Fiscal Policies • High Centralization: High formal centralization reduces the power of region to design their own tax policies.

  21. Raising Revenues • Tax Revenues • Natural Resource Revenues • Distribution of revenues

  22. Barganing Factors • Economic potential of the region: territory, population, average income per capita and share of oil and gas extraction in the region • Over- (or under-)representation of the region in the Russian parliament 3. Power concentration within the office of the regional governor or president and conflictpotential with the centre.

  23. Fiscal Transfers • Effect of assymetric and centralised system • Sub-federal units are granted the authority to create so-called extra budgetary funds. • A grant paid to a region is the result of a complicated, annual process of negotiations

  24. Current outstanding issues and problems: • A) De-centralization versus re-centralization: Putin reforms. • B) Remaining problems and new problems, looking for other models (Conclusion)

  25. A) De-centralization versus re-centralization: Putin reforms. • Putin era reforms • Creation of seven new « federal districts » • The Kozak commission of 2001

  26. B) Remaining problems and new problems, looking for other models (Conclusion) Disparities among regions, economical problems Ethnic tensions, social problems But finally, everything changes or nothing changes?

  27. Bibliography: • Duckjoon, Chang. Federalism at Bay: Putin’s Political Reforms and Federal-Regional Relations in Russia, Paper presented at SES-COE Seminar Russian Studies Dialogue: A Korea-Japan Perspective, May 16, 2005. Internet source: http://srch.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/pdf_seminar/20050516/ChangDukJoon.pdf • Griffiths, Anne L. Handbook of Federal Countries. Ed. Karl Nerenberg. 2005. Montreal, QC, CAN: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bogazici/Doc?id=10132855&ppg=293Makarychev, Andriy. New Challenges to Russian Federalism, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 75, September 2009 • Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge. Reforming Regional-Local Finance in Russia, World Bank Institute, 2006. • Pershin, Evgueni. Issues in the improvement of Russian federalism in Kazan Center of Federalism and Public Policy, Journal «Kazan Federalist», 2003, Number 4(8), autumn, 2003. http://www.kazanfed.ru/en/publications/kazanfederalist/n8/4/ • Ross, Cameron. Federalism. Federalism and Democratization in Russia. 2003: Machester University Press. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bogazici/docDetail.action?docID=10074852 • Sukhov, Ivan. Russian Federalism and Evolution of Self-Determination, "Russia in Global Affairs". № 2, July - September 2007. http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_9125 • Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn. 2004. "Russia: Managing Territorial Cleavages under Dual Transitions." in Amoretti and Bermeo, 301-326. • Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina. Federalism in Russia, Centre for Economic and Financial Research at New Economic School, Working Paper No 141, April 2010. • http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=996794 • http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/ch3.html (The Constitution of the Russian Federation) consulted the 04/04/2011 • http://www.russiavotes.org/

  28. Thank You For Listening

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