Modern African Governments and Economies

1. Modern African Governments and Economies

3. Words to Know • Kenya • Nigeria • South Africa • Sudan • Deforestation • Nationalism • Water Conservation

4. History Country Name Use this graphic organizer for each country Government Economy

5. Review:UNITARYWays Government Distributes Power Regional Authority Regional Authority Central Authority Regional Authority Regional Authority

6. Review:CONFEDERATIONWays Government Distributes Power Regional Authority Regional Authority Central Authority Regional Authority Regional Authority

7. Review:FEDERATION/FEDERALWays Government Distributes Power Regional Authority Regional Authority Central Authority Regional Authority Regional Authority

8. African Economies

9. African Economies • Uneven distribution of natural resources exists in Africa. • Lots of natural resources does not automatically make a country wealth. • If a country has a stable government then resources can be used to develop the economy. • If a country has an unstable government then those resources can be stolen or squandered.

10. African Economies • About half of the world’s diamonds are found in Africa. Many countries have been able to use profits from the sale of diamonds to build modern infrastructure projects. However, countries like Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of the Congo armed rebel soldiers have stolen diamonds from miners, sold them, and used the money to support brutal wars.

11. African Economies • South Africa has nearly one-half of the worlds gold reserve. Gold is the basis of its strong economy with a modern infrastructure, a good transportation system, and reliable communications. However, a country can not rely on a single source of income forever. • Why is relying on a single natural resource as your only source of income dangerous?

12. Specialization or Division of Labor • Geographical Specialization: land use is naturally suited to specific situation. • Why can specialization be good and bad??

13. Think-Pair-Ink Left-Side • Choose five countries we studied this year and list their economic specialization

14. African Economies • Oil does not equal wealth! • Nigeria is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world. However, much of the Nigerian population is desperately poor, most money goes to corrupt politicians. • Oil is also causing serious pollution problems in Nigeria.

15. African Economies • Uranium is a radioactive element used to produce fuel for nuclear power plans and to make weapons. Africa produces approx. 20% of the world’s uranium. • As oil prices rise so does the demand for uranium as countries around the world consider building additional nuclear power plants. • Pollution from uranium mining is extremely harmful to humans and other forms of life.

16. Think-Pair-Ink • If countries turn to Uranium as a power source, what problems could they face?

17. Trade Barriers (Review) • A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including: • Quotas • Tariffs • Embargo • Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results. • Economists generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease overall economic efficiency, this can be explained by the theory of comparative advantage.

18. On the Left Side of your notebook, match the Trade Barrier with the following: • The prohibition of trade with a certain country, in order to isolate it and to put its government into a difficult internal situation. • A tax on goods when they cross a national border. • A type of protectionist trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. Embargo Tariff Quota

19. Kenya History • British colony • Racism was used to control the population and to control wealth and power. • Violent 7 year war • Became independent in 1963.

20. Kenya Current president Mwai Kibaki • Although Kenya is a republic, individual states are more tightly controlled by the central government than states in the U.S. (Unitary). Kenya had a presidential form of democracy until the election of 2007. After much violence and negotiation, the position of prime minister was established.

21. The new system requires an unusual power-sharing agreement between the president and the prime minister. The president is the chief of state and the prime minister is the head of government. • There are over 10 political parties, but most fall into two of the coalition parties that participate in the power-sharing agreement. All citizens 18 and over may vote in the elections. So who has the real power in Kenya? The President or the Prime Minister?

22. Kenya Education • Education in Kenya has been based on an 8-4-4 system since the late 1980s, with eight years of primary education followed by four years of secondary school and four years of college or university. In addition to this there is a large private school sector, which caters for the middle to upper classes and generally follow the British school. • Approximately 85% of children attend primary school (urban), 24% attend secondary school, and 2% attend higher institutions.

23. Kenya Education • Rural Kenya is different however, only 50% of children attend school. There is a widespread shortage or potable water, teachers, school buildings, and textbooks. • Gender also affects education in Kenya. If parents have to choose between sending boys or girls to school because of money, the boys usually win. Girls are also more likely to quit school in Kenya due to greater responsibility at home and few role models to encourage them to stay in school.

24. Kenya • Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 75% industry and services: 25% • GDP - per capita: $1,700 • Unemployment rate: 40% • Oil – consumption: 65,530 bbl/day • The economy is market-based, with some state-owned infrastructure enterprises

25. Former British Colony • Kenya Unitary/Democracy/ Parliamentary Market/Mixed

26. Describe the ways governments distribute power • Unitary- a form of government in which power is held by one central authority. • Confederation-voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation. • Federal-a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities. • Which one is Kenya today???? Write your answer in your Notes.

27. Citizen participation in government (Left Side) • Autocratic-government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in the government. • Oligarchic-Government by the few, sometimes a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has very limited role. • Democratic-Government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly. • Which one is Kenya today???? • Write your answer in your Notes.

28. Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments (Left Side) • Parliamentary-system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister elected by the legislature. • Presidential-a system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature. • Which one does Kenya have today???? • Write your answer in your Notes.

29. Nigeria • Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal republic (presidential), modeled after the U.S. • Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eighth most populous country in the world with a population of over 140 million.

30. Nigeria became a British colony in the 1800’s as Africa was being divided among European countries. • Ethnocentricism, tribalism, and sectarianism have played a role in Nigerian politics especially after independence in 1960. Competition amongst these three groups, the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, has fuelled corruption and graft.

31. Nigeria Economy • 1. What to produce • Nigeria’s major industry is oil production. This is followed by agriculture. • Business development is difficult due to corruption and ineffective government. • 2. How to produce? • After years of governmental control, the county’s major industries are increasingly become privatized. This includes the petroleum industry and banking sector.

32. Nigeria Economy • Corruption, high tariffs on imported goods, and lack of infrastructure cause production inefficiencies. • 3. For whom to produce? • 46% of Nigeria’s daily oil production is exported to the U.S. • Due to an overvalued currency, Nigerians import many consumer goods. Many domestic manufactures have been unable to compete with cheap imports and have closed. • Nigeria is Mixed/Command

33. Nigeria Environmental degradation • Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industry, experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems. • Waste management including sewage treatment, deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria.

34. Education and Economics • No compulsory education! • Literacy Rate 39%-59% • GDP growth 5.9% (2007) • GDP $692 (Mostly Oil production) • Capital Investment= 40% of GDP

35. Entrepreneurship • Nigeria is moderately open to entrepreneurship. In theory, it is easy to start a business, but in practice, government corruption makes it very hard to obtain an official business license. Another difficulty for business owners is lack of protection of private property rights.

36. Describe the ways governments distribute power • Unitary- • Confederation- • Federal- • Which one is Nigeria today???? Write your answer in your Notes.

37. Citizen participation in government (Left Side) • Autocratic- • Oligarchic- • Democratic- • Which one is Nigeria today???? • Write your answer in your Notes.

38. Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments (Left Side) • Parliamentary- • Presidential- • Which one does Nigeria have today???? • Write your answer in your Notes.

39. Former British Colony • Nigeria Federal/Democracy/ Presidential Mixed

40. South Africa • South Africa is a parliamentary democracy. The President of South Africa is elected by members of the National Assembly who are elected by the citizens. The president is both the chief of state and the head of government. All citizens 18 and over may vote in elections. However, the national government still appoints the provincial premiers (governors)

41. South Africa • Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas • Natural hazards: prolonged droughts • Environment - current issues: lack of rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion; desertification • Population: 48,782,756 Life expectancy at birth: 48

42. South Africa Economics • 1 What to product? • A large portion of South Africa’s GDP comes from a highly developed, privatized enterprise system rivaling many other developed economies. The private sector is based on mining, agriculture, services, and manufacturing. • Large inequities established by apartheid era policies, the South African government operates a relatively large social services sector and maintains state-run enterprises in the areas of housing, business development, education, basic services, and healthcare.

43. South Africa Economics • 2 How to produce? • In the developed sector, private businesses and consumers make production decisions based on market principles and international economic standards. • The Reconstruction and Development Plan designed as a blueprint for providing social services is administered by number of government ministries. • 3 For who to produce? • The private sectors produces goods and services for domestic and international markets based on demand.

44. South Africa • HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 21.5% • HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 5.3 million • HIV/AIDS - deaths: 370,000 • Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vector borne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2008) • Ethnic groups: black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census) • Religions: Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal/Charismatic 8.2%, Catholic 7.1%, Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%, Muslim 1.5% • Languages: IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%

45. South Africa Economy and Education • GDP: $9,700 • Labor force : agriculture: 9%, industry: 26%, services: 65% • Unemployment rate: 24.3% • Compulsory Education= age 7-15 • Literacy rate 86% • Resources-World’s largest producer of gold; significant amounts of diamonds; no significant oil.

46. South African Entrepreneurship • South Africa is very open to entrepreneurship. It is easy to start a business. Private property rights are well protected by law, the courts are slow and inefficient, making it difficult to resolve disputes.

47. Former British Colony • South Africa Unitary/ Democracy/ Parliamentary (with a President) Market/Mixed

48. Sudan • Following Sudan’s independence from Great Britain in 1953 the country has been ravaged by famine, corruption, crime, and military rule (Coup d'état).

49. Sudan • Natural resources: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower • Natural hazards: dust storms and periodic persistent droughts • Environment - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought

50. Sudan • Population: 40,218,456 • Life expectancy at birth: 50 • Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoa diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vector borne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country.