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Old and New World Interactions

Old and New World Interactions. Between 1530 – 1770. Your Textbook: Ch 18 Blue Textbook: Ch 20. Big Deal!!!. Analyze (talk about how, why and impact) PSE and R developments (changes, transformations) and continuities in ONE of the following regions between 1450 and 1770: The Americas

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Old and New World Interactions

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  1. Old and New World Interactions • Between 1530 – 1770 Your Textbook: Ch 18 Blue Textbook: Ch 20

  2. Big Deal!!! • Analyze (talk about how, why and impact) PSE and R developments (changes, transformations) and continuities in ONE of the following regions between 1450 and 1770: • The Americas • Western Africa • Western Europe

  3. Define and Analyze: • Columbian Exchange • Triangular Trade • Mercantilism • Capitalism • Know: • SPRE systems imposed on the Americas by their European colonizers • Be able to compare/contrast English, Spanish, French, Dutch and Portuguese involvement in the Americas between 1530 and 1770 • Analyze type and impact of interaction between Old and New Worlds

  4. Columbian Exchangeanimal, diseases, plants New World Old World smallpox measles diptheria typhus influenza malaria yellow fever livestock: cattle pigs horses sheep syphilis potato maize chocolate wheat rice bananas Sugar = will become important in Ch 18

  5. Spanish rule of colonies = direct • Spanish crown – king • Council of Indies – reviewed viceroys’ decisions • Viceroys - Viceroyalties of Spain and Peru

  6. Portuguese rule of Brazil • Separated from Spanish lands by Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 • At first Portuguese king more interested in Asia and Africa trading monopolies • Grants land to nobles • Sugar plantations after 1550 • Mismanagement = first viceroy by 1720

  7. Both Spain and Portugal... • Bureaucracies of the colonial governments paid for by taxing silver and gold mining businesses in Spanish America and by the sugar plantations in Brazil.

  8. Culture - Religion • Catholic Faith - Christianity • Bartolome de Las Casas - defender of Amerindians • New Laws of 1542 • The Black Legend

  9. Economy • exploitive - extractive - based on mercantilist principles of colonies existing to enrich the mother nation not the colonies themselves • 1545 - 1680 = silver mines of Potosi in Peru • after 1680, Mexican silver • Spain’s the quinto - 1/5 of all profit went to the government of Spain to pay for their funds military and bureaucracy • Portuguese Brazil = sugar plantations = slave labor

  10. In both cases, trade is controlled by mother country • mercantilism • Crown grants monopoly trading rights to: • Seville • Cadiz • merchants guilds of Lima, Peru and Mexico City • Colonial merchants begin illegal trading with English, French and Dutch

  11. Labor Systems • haciendas - encomienda - but disease, new lands and king’s fear or growing power of encomenderos led to • free-wage laborer in Mexico • mi’ta system only in Peru • debt peonage system

  12. A new social hierarchy • Peninsulares - church and gov’t • Creoles - controlled mines and agriculture, merchants • castas: • mestizos - Mexico and Peru • mulattoes - Brazil and Caribbean • manumission - granting freedom • maroons - runaway slaves living in their own communities

  13. English colonies • Roanoke Island - North Carolina 1580’s = fails • Jamestown, Virginia 1609 - London investors and their company found the colony for profit • Chesapeake colonies: Virginia and Maryland • 1624 English crown dissolves Virginia Co due to mismanagement of the colony • tobacco - plantations and farms - not cities • Labor system - • indentured servitude - indentured servants - replaced by slaves

  14. Gov’t of Virginia • Governor appointed by English king ruled along with the • House of Burgesses - representatives of towns – only one of its kind – a democratic representative group ruling with governor of colony • democratic representation - unique to Virginia, but. . . • coexists with slavery

  15. Carolinas • At first = rice and indigo plantations - slave labor • Most hierarchical society in British North America: • Plantation owners • small farmers, cattlemen, artisans, merchants, fur traders • Natives marginalized • On the frontier - fur traders • mixed race - preferred positions within the slave labor force

  16. Plantations in the South • Tobacco (Virginia) a Chesapeake colony • Rice and indigo in Carolinas - Southern Colonies • Cotton becomes main export only after 1793 when Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin. • Leave sugar plantationsout of the English colonies.

  17. New England • Protestants: • Pilgrims = separatists and Puritans = purify Anglican Church • Massachusetts Bay Company - joint-stock company given a royal charter - govern the colony • Elect governor, elected representatives of towns • Society: families - towns • Economy: commerce and shipping

  18. Middle Colonies • 1624 - Dutch - New Netherlands • 1664 - English - New York • 1682 - proprietary colony - Quakers - WIlliam Penn - Philadelphia - religions freedom and toleration - friendly relations with indigenous population

  19. French colonies • Fur traders • coureurs de bois - runners of the woods = French traders who lived with indigenous population - provide firearms to indigenous population.

  20. All is well up until 1750’s

  21. European Conflicts: • War of the Spanish Succession (1701 - 1714): • Rule of Spain passes from Habsburg to Bourbon and leads to change in management of its colonies. • French and Indian War = Seven Years’ War • Britain vs. France • 1763 • France loses Canada to Britain and Louisiana to Spain

  22. Effects on colonies: • Spanish colonies: • Landowning creoles elites begin illegal trading with English, Dutch and French. • Creoles in the business of trade resent new taxes and monopolies imposed by Spain as well as not having access to colonial offices held only by Peninsulares = tax rebellions and urban riots • English colonies: • Navigations Acts now enforced - new taxes after French and Indian war to pay for cost of war • Wars disrupt trade

  23. Comparing colonies in the Americas Latin America North America Encomienda, mi’ta slave labor indentured servants, slaves Single men – soldiers, married native women families – less intermarriage Authoritarian govs, viceroys with more independent of king no assemblies but large bureaucracies with assemblies Amerindians forced into labor Amerindians pushed to side Hierarchy in social classes based on Less hierarchical and rigid race. only in south based on race.

  24. On deck. . . Ch 18 1550 - 1880 • Chapter 18 - 1550 - 1880 • plantation system - slavery - slave trade - Atlantic trade - slavery - plantations - slave labor - sugar slave trade - Middle Passage - African slavery - European v. Muslim slave trade - slavery - slavery - slavery is a forced labor system. • Abolition of slave trade begins: • Britain 1807 • US 1808 • France = 1814, The Dutch = 1817, Spain = 1845 • However. . . • Slavery continues

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