Exploration and the New World

1. Exploration and the New World

2. Exploration -New Technology -Maps -Compass -Better ships -Curiosity -Tales of Marco Polo’s journeys to China -Ambition - “God, glory, and gold” -Crusading for Christianity -Migration to New Lands in search of profit

3. New Influences -Economic Influences -Joint-stock companies – investors buying shares of stock in a company, a number of people combining their wealth for a common purpose (American colonization) -Mercantilism – new economic policy adopted by Europe – a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth -Social Influences -Population had increased -Increased chance of prosperity -Pursuit of religious freedoms

4. Columbus -Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 -Wanted to get to Asia – instead of sailing around the Horn of Africa he decided to go West to find a quicker route - Funded by Spain -Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria – set sail on August 3rd and found land on October 12th -Thought he was in the East Indies – called inhabitants los indios – he was actually in the Bahamas -Columbus claimed the island for Spain and named it San Salvador (“Holy Savior”) -He continued exploring the Caribbean islands and returned for Spain in 1493 -Spain’s rulers agreed to fund his next voyage -On his second voyage he did not voyage as an explorer but rather as an empire builder - Fleet of 17 ships and over 1,000 soldiers, crewmen and colonists -Columbian Exchange – global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas (Page 572) -New World – Sugar Cane, Grains, Livestock, DISEASE -Europe – Corn, Potato, Tomato, Tobacco, Cacao Bean -Law of the Columbian Exchange – wherever Europeans went in 100 years 90% of the natives were dead

5. World Map

6. Further Exploration -Exploration brought Spain and Portugal into a rivalry -Treaty of Tordesillas– started by Pope Alexander VI to help ease the tension -1494 – signed the treaty and agreed to honor the Line of Demarcation – line drawn north to south in the Atlantic giving lands west to Spain and east to Portugal -More Exploration: -1500 – Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil -1501 - Amerigo Vespucci traveled to the eastern coast of South America, when he returned he claimed that he had not gone to Asia but to a “new world” -1507 – a German mapmaker named the new continent “America” -Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa marched through modern-day Panama and became the first accredited European to see the Pacific Ocean -1519 – Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan – 5 ships, 250 men – sailed around the southern tip of South America into the Pacific – finally reached Guam then the Philippines where Magellan died – 18 of the original 250 men arrived back in Spain in 1522 – the first people to circumnavigate around the world

7. Slave Trade -Spanish conquerors lived among the native people but they also oppressed them -Encomienda – forced natives to farm, ranch or mine for Spanish landlords -Native Americans were used as slaves initially bust most died of disease (90%) -Sugar Plantations -new demand for slaves -African Slaves imported – 17th Century – 40% of all slaves went to Brazil -Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries – Islam increased slave trade by selling non-believers -Many Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had built up some immunity -Africans had experience in farming -Africans were less likely to escape because they did not know their way around the New Land -African skin color made them easier to catch if they escaped and tried to live among other -Atlantic Slave Trade – the buying and selling for Africans for work in Americas – became a massive enterprise -1500-1600 – 300,000 Africans were transported to America -1600-1700 – 1.3 million -1870 (End of Atlantic Slave Trade) – 9.5 million

8. Slave Trade continued -Triangular Trade -Europeans transported manufactured goods to the west coast of Africa -Traders exchanged these goods for captured Africans -Africans were transported across the Atlantic and sold -Merchants bought goods and sailed back to Europe -Middle Passage – the trip across the Atlantic – 20% died -Effects of slave trade -Constant warfare between tribes – guns became popular in Africa -Cultural decline – families torn apart -Depopulation