; fj { hlgs gLlt k|s [of

1. ;fj{hlgsgLltk|s[of t'n;L k|;fb uf}td

2. ;fj{hlgsgLlt • ;fj{hlgs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg, ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|a4{g / hgtfsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;/sf/4f/f 3f]lift k|lta4tf ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] . • /fHo ;+rfngsf ljljw kIfdf lnO{g] lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] . • ;/sf/n] s'g} nIo jf p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ ;DaGwdf ckgfpg] lqmofsnfk (Purposive Course of Action) g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] . • ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;/sf/sf] nIo, p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ ;fwg / tl/sf x]f, ;/sf/ / hgtf larsf] ;]t' xf], zf;g ;+rfngsf] cfwf/ xf] . • ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;/sf/sf] Jojxf/ / sfo{sf] P]gf xf] h;n] ;/sf/n] s] ug{ rflx /x]sf] 5 eGg] b]vfp+b5 .

3. ;fj{hlgs gLlt • ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljz]if k|:tfjsf] ?kdf, ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf] ?kdf, sfo{qmd, /0fgLlt / of]hgfsf] ?kdf / hgtfsf] ck]Iffsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'G5 . • ;fj{hlgs gLlt;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/, ;/sf/sf] cflwsf/Ls lg0f{o, / ;dfhn] u|x0f u/]sf] ljifo x'g'kb{5 . • of] ;fj{hlgs lxt / ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 hf/L x'G5 .

4. ;fj{hlgsgLltsf r/0fx?M • gLlt dfu – gLlt cfjZostfsf] dxz'; ug]{ sfd, • gLlt lg0f{o – gLlt agfpg] sfd, • gLlt syg – gLltsf] cf}krfl/s wf]if0f jf k|rf/ ug]{ sfd, • gLlt pTkfbg – gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{, • gLlt k|efj – k|efjsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ sfd c;n gLltsf u'0fx?M ljj]sk"0f{, /fhg}lts ?kdf pko'Qm, ;j{l:jsfo{, k"0f{ / sfof{Gjog of]Uo .

5. ;fj{hlgsgLltsfl;2fGt÷pkfud • Elite • Group • Populist • Institutional • PublicChoice - SocialNeed • OrganizedAnarchy - clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmsf] :jfy{ l;2 ug{ • Functional process • Rationalist • Incremental • Bounded Rationality

6. /fli6«o gLlt • /fli6«o:t/df sfof{Gjog x'g] / /fli6«o ;/f]sf/ ePsf] gLlt xf] . ;fj{hlgs gLlt Theory / /fli6«o gLlt Practical xf] . • National Policy is on national issues, national coverage and national implementation. • Can be mega policy, strategy - nufgL a9fpg] sfo{qmd, Sectoral Policy->d, /f]huf/ gLlt), Action Plan -aflif{s !) nfv o'jfnfO{ ljgf Jofh C0f lbg] .

7. ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f (Policy analysis) • ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogaf6 ;dfhdf k/]sf / kg{;Sg] c;/sf ;DaGwdf ul/g] :jtGq n]vfhf]vf / d"Nof+sg nfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0f elgG5 . • ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;+efJotf, sfof{Gjogof]Uotf, k|efjsf/Ltf, pkof]lutf jf pko'Qmtfsf] af/]df a}1flgs k2lt ckgfP/ k/LIf0fug]{ sfd ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f xf] . • s'g} vf; gLltsf] jgfj6, ljifoj:t' / k|efjnfO{ lgikIf 9+un] ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f xf] . • gLlt ljZn]if0fn] ;fj{hlgs gLlt s;/L th'{df u/LG5, s;/L sfof{Gjog x'G5 / s;/L d"Nof+sg x'G5 eg]/ x]5{ . • gLlt ljZn]if0fdf k|:tfljt gLltsf ;+efljt kl/0ffd / k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f / klxn]g} cjnDag u/LPsf gLltsf jf:tljs kl/0ffd / k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f u/LG5 .

8. ;fj{hlgsgLltljZn]if0f • Policy Analysis n] legally applicable, politically suitable, economically viable, socially acceptable and technically feasible 5 ls 5}g eg]/ x]b{5 . • gLltljZn]if0f ubf{ case study, cost benefit analysis, comparative study, comprehensive study h:tf ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . • lj1sf] ;'emfjlng], gLlt d:of}bfsf] ;fj{hlglss/0f ug]{, ;/f]sf/jfnf;+u 5nkmn ug]{, ljutsfgLltx?sf] ;ldIffug]{, c;ncEof;nfO{ cjnDjgug]{, gLltsf] cfjlws ;ldIffug]{ h:tf pkfox? cjnDag u/L gLltsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

9. ;fj{hlgsgLltljZn]if0fsf] k|lqmofM gLlt ljZn]if0fdf gLlt Adequate, Appropriate, Acceptable, Efficient, Equitable / Implementable 5 5}g x]l/G5 . • Identification and Understanding of Policy Issue • Interpretation of Policy • gLlt agfpgsf sf/0f / ck]lIft k|ltkmn • Prediction of Impacts • gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ ;'emfj lbg] .

10. g]kfndf gLlt ljZn]if0f k|efjsf/L gx'g'sf sf/0fx?M • ljZn]if0fnfO sd dxTj, gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;+:yfut ;+oGq 5}g . • gLlt ljZn]if0f lgb]{lzsf 5}g . • gLlt ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] sld 5 . • ;"rgf, ;do / >f]t ;fwgsf] cefj 5 . • ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf sd 5 . • l56f] l56f] gLlt lg0f{odf n}hfg' kg]{ jfWotf x'G5 . • k"jf{u|xsf sf/0f :jtGq ljZn]if0f x'g ;Sb}g . • bftf / :jfy{ ;d"xsf] k|efj • Ifdtf -;Lk, 1fg / ;|f]t ;fwg_ sf] Joj:yfkgdf sd Wofg • OR5fzlSt -Willingness sf] sld • jftfj/0f -/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs_ cg's"n gx'g' • ;+rf/ hutsf] e"ldsf sdhf]/

11. ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df • ;fj{hlgs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ljleGg ljsNkx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ pko'Qm ljsNkx?sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ sfd ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df xf] . • ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfdfM • Designing – Vision, Mission, Objectives, Strategy, Implementation Arrangement x]l/G5 . • Prescribing –gLlt s:tf] x'G5 eGg] -fFormating_ l;kmfl/z u/LG5 . • Enabling – Ifdtf / >f]t ;fwgsf] aGbf]j:t x]l/G5 . • Supporting – gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu rflxg] aGbf]a:t 5 5}g x]l/G5 . gLlt k|lta4tfnfO sfof{Gjogdf ptfg]{ k|jGwsLo sfd g} th'{df xf] .

12. gLlt th'{dfsf r/0fx?M • IdentificationofPolicy Issues • /fHon] ug{ rfx]sf] s'/f • hgtfsf] dfu / cfjZostf • cGt/f{li6«o k|efj • cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f-SWOT Analysis (SW-Internal Environment, OT-External Environment) • Review of past policies • Concept formation

13. gLlt th'{dfsf r/0fx?M • Conceptual Analysis • Drafting of Policy • Consultation and consensus • Approval • Implementation Plan ;dli7df, ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ubf{ lgDg ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g' kb{5 . • Global Issues, Citizens Participation, Social Inclusion, good Governance, Decentralisation, Human Rights and Human Development, Environmental Management, Poverty Reduction, Peace and prosperity, use of ICT and new technology, innovation.

14. gLltth'{dfsfcfwf/x? • != ;}2flGts cfwf/M • Process Approach – ;xeflu u/fpg], k/fdz{ ug]{, ;+efJotf x]g]{]{ . • Outcome Approach – s;sf nflu s'g p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ gLlt jgfOG5 / o;sf] k|efj s] x'G5 x]g]{ . • Starategic Approach – Composite Scope x]5{ . @= Jojxfl/s cfwf/M • Maximizing Resource Productivity. • Promoting Social Accountabilaity. • Increasing Government Effectiveness.

15. ;fj{hlgsgLltth'{dfdf ;+nUglgsfox?M • Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsf • sd{rf/LtGq • cGo ;+a}wflgs lgsfox? • /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb • :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfox? • ljleGg cfof]u, sfo{bn • u}=;=;= / ldl8of • Interest Group, Experts, Pressure Group • Parliament – Political and Legal Policy agfp5 . • Executive – Executive Policy agfp5 . • Bureaucracy – Administrative Policy agfp5 .

16. g]kfndf ;fj{hlgsgLltth'{dfsfcfwf/x?M • ;+ljwfg / /fHosfgLltlgb]{zs l;2fGtx?, • hgtfsfdfu / ck]Iff, • ;Qf?9 bnsf] r'gfjLwf]if0ffkq, • ljklIfbnsf /rgfTds ;'emfjx?, • cfjlws of]hgfsfnIotyfsfo{qmdx?, • ljBdfgk|yf, k/Dk/f / ;fdflhsd'NodfGotfx?, • g]kfnkIf /x]sfcGt//fli6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx?, • pknAw >f]t ;fwgsf] cj:yf, • cfsl:dscj:yfsf] >[hgf, • ljutdf ;d:of ;dfwfgug{ lnOPsfcfwf/x?, • Gofokflnsfsflgb]{zgfTdscfb]zx?, • ;+j}wflgslgsfo, ;ldltsfk|ltj]bgx? .

17. g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?M • Political Ideology, • Pressure Group and Minorities sf] lxt / :jfy{, • Bureaucracy / ltgsf] /fhlglts bn;Fusf] ;fldKotf, • Professional and Civil Society, • Voters, Elites, Media, Donors, • MoF and NPC, • Global Issues, • Resource Availability

18. ;fj{hlgsgLltth'{dfdfk|zf;gsf] e"ldsf • gLlt cfjZostfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg], • gLltsf] af/]df ;"rgf / tYof+s ;+sng ug]{, • gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{, • ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] af/]df hgtfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg], • k|:tfljt gLlt d:of}bfsf] ;fj{hlglss/0f u/L /fo ;+sng ug]{, • cfjZos >f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{, • ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{, • lj1sf] ;'emfj lng], • gLltsf] clGtd d:of}bf tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf nflu k]z ug]{ .

19. ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf l;2fGtx?M • Political System Theory • Group Theory • Elite Theory • Functional Process Theory • Two Way Communication Theory • Institutionalism

20. g]kfndf ;fj{hlgsgLlt th'{dfsf ljBdfg ;d:ofx?M • ;do, >f]t ;fwg, ;Ifdtf, ;xeflutf, ;dGjo, ;"rgf / rfxgfsf] Joj:yfkggug'{ . • lg0f{o k|lqmof s]lGb|s[t x'g' . • kof{Kt u[xsfo{ gug'{ . • sfo{ljlwkf/blz{ x'b}gg\ . • cg'udgk|efjsf/L 5}g . • pQ/bfloTj c:ki6 5 . • ;+rf/ ;+oGqsdhf]/ 5 . • oyfl:yltdf /dfpg] k|j[lt 5 . • ljb]lznfO{ dfu{bz{s ;Demg] . • k|zf;sx?dfpRrdgf]an / pTk|]/0ffsf] sld 5 . ;fj{hlgsgLltsf] th'{dfubf{ ljutdful/Psfk|of;x?, jt{dfgcj:yf, d'Vod'Vo ;d:of / r'gf}lt / gofFgLltsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f u/LG5 .

21. g]kfndf ;fj{hlgsgLltth'{dfubf{– • ;DalGwt dGqfnon] d:of}bf ub{5 . • ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] k/fdz{ lnOG5 . • cGt/lgsfo sfo{bnn] d:of}bf kl/dfh{g ub{5 . • dGqfnon] dlGqkl/ifbdf k|:tfj k]z ub{5 . • d=k=sf] ;DalGwt ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'G5 . • dlGqkl/ifbaf6 l:js[lt x'G5 . • sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo÷dGqfnodf k7fOG5 .

22. ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog • th'{df u/]sf gLltnfO{ Joaxf/df nfu' ug]{ sfd g} gLlt sfof{Gjog xf] . o:nfO{ Putting Policy into Effect elgG5 . • gLlt sfof{Gjog ubf{– • Strategic Implementation- Plan, Action Plan agfOG5 . • Structural Implementation- ;+:yfut Joj:yf, Ifdtf / ;dGjo x]l/G5 . • Operational Implementation- dfu{bz{g, sfo{ljlw / k|s[of lgwf{/0f u/LG5 . • Behavioral Implementation- k}/jL, k|f]T;fxg / ;r]tgf x]l/G5 .

23. ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/x?M • nIo :ki6 • Jofkshg;dy{g • k|efjsf/L / lgikIf ;+rf/ • sfof{Gjogcfb]zdfPs?ktf • cfjZossfg"g / sfo{ljlwsf] th'{df • ;+u7g,sd{rf/L / >f]t ;fwgsf] Joa:yf • lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjsf] ls6fg • sfof{Gjog of]hgf • hf]lvdljZn]if0f / Go"gLs/0f • /fhgLlts k|lta2tf / ;xof]u • ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf • cg'udg / d"Nof+sgk|efjsf/L .

24. Models of Policy Implementation • System management model- s'g} gLlt aGgf;fy k|0ffnLa4 ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug]{ . • Bureaucratic process model- sd{rf/LtGqn] cfkm\gf sfo{qmd, ah]6 agfpFbf cfkm';+u ;DalGwt gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] . • Organizational development model- gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+:yfTds ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] . • Conflict, dialogue and negotiation model- ;+efljt 4Gbsf] klxrfg u/L pQm 4Gb ;dfwfg ug]{ / gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ . • Mainstreaming model- gLltnfO{ sfo{qmddf cfTd;ft ub}{ d'n k|jfxdf ;d]6]/ hfg] .

25. g]kfndf ;fj{hlgsgLltsfof{Gjogsf ;d:of • nIodxTjsf+IfL t/ Ifdtfsd . • gLltsf] k|rf/ gx'g], ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xeflugu/fOg] . • ;+:yfutck|efjsf/Ltf . • gLltutcl:y/tf . • dfudfcfwfl/t ePgg\ . • gLlt j:t'ut ePgg\ -gLltljZn]if0fsf] cefj_ . • gLltaf6 tby{ ;dfwfgvf]Hg], lb3{sfnLgk|efjgx]g]{ . • th'{dfnfO{ g} pknlAwdfGg] k|j[lt 5 . • sfof{Gjogsfo{of]hgfagfOb}g . • cg'udg, d"Nof+sg / k'/:sf/ Joj:yfkgsdhf]/ 5 . • ljutsfgLltsf] k|efjsfaf/]df k[i6kf]if0f lnOb}g .

26. ;fj{hlgsgLltsf] cg'udg • cg'udgn] s] eof], s;/L eof] / lsgeof] sf] hjfkm lbG5 . o;dfcgk]lIftkl/0ffd / sfof{GjogdfcfPsfjfcfpg ;Sg] ;d:ofx? s] 5g x]l/G5 . • ;fj{hlgsgLltsf] sfof{Gjog s;/L ePsf] 5 eg]/ lg/Gt/ cjnf]sg, ;'kl/j]If0f / lg/LIf0f u/Lg' g} ;fj{hlgsgLltsf] cg'udgxf] . gLltcg'udgsfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf dfq u/LG5 . • cg'udggLltsfof{Gjog ;+u;+u} hfg] k|s[of xf] . o:n] sfof{Gjogsf] u'0ffTdstf / ;d:of klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjogsfnfluefljdfu{bz{g ug]{ sfdub{5 . • cg'udglg/LIf0f / ;'kl/j]If0f dfqge} ;d:of klxrfg, ;dfwfgsf ;'emfj ;lxtsf] dfu{bz{gsf] ;dli7 xf] . cg'udg :jtGq, lj1tfdf cfwfl/t, ;doj4 / p2]Zod"ns x'G5 .

27. k|efjsf/L cg'udgsfnflu– • Monitoring Plan- slxn], s:n] / s;/L ug]{ < • Framework- Performance Monitoring Indicator agfpg] . • Institutional Capacity- Expert, Resource • Participatory Monitoring • Reward/Punishment • ;'wf/sf nfuL Mandate 5 5}g <

28. ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] d'Nof+sg • gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ePsf k|of;, p7]sf ;d:of / ;f] sf] ;dfwfgsf cj:yfx?, k|fKt glthf / ;f] sf] c;/sf] :jt+q ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd . • gLltsf] p2]Zo, ljifoj:t', sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf / o;sf c;/x?sf] Estimation, Assessment / Appraisal nfO{ gLlt d"Nof+sg elgG5 . • gLltn] lglb{i6 u/]sf p2]Zox? xfl;n x'g ;s] ;s]gg tyf ;DalGwt gLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] nlIft ;d"xdf ;s/fTds kl/jt{g b]vfpg ;Sof] jf ;s]g eGg] s'/fsf] cf+sng ug]{ sfd g} gLlt d"Nof+sg xf] .

29. gLltd"Nof+sgn] – • gLltsfof{Gjogsf] k|d'v c;/ s] /x\of] < • gLltsf] pkfb]otf s:tf] /x\of] < • ;+/rgfTds / sfof{TdskIfsf ;an / sdhf]/ kIf s] /x]5g\ < • ;'wf/sf If]q / ljifo s] x'g ;Sb5g < • ca eljiodf s;/L cufl8 a9\g] h:tf k|Zgsf] hjfkmvf]Hb5 . gLltd'Nof+sgdf– • Implementability evaluation– sfof{Gjogug{ ;lsg] 5 5}g x]g]{ . • Performance evaluation- QQCT sf] d'Nof+sg . • Impact evaluation- k|fKtpknlAw x]g]{ . • Effectiveness evaluation- impact sf] cfwf/dfEffectiveness x]g]{ . • Strategic Evaluation- Long term Impact x]g]{ .

30. gLltd'Nof+sgsfcfwf/x?M • k|efjsf/Ltf – ck]lIft p2]Zok|fKteof] jfePg < • bIftf÷sfo{s'zntf – nfutsf] t'ngfdfpknlAwslt < • ;dtf – Gofof]lrtljt/0f 5 5}g < • kof{Kttf – s'g} p2]Zok|fKtug{ kof{Kt 5 5}g < • pko'Qmtf – pko'QmgLltth'{dfeof] jfePg < • hjfkmb]lxtf – cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;Sof] jf ;s]g < • hgtfsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ slt 5 < • ljj]sk"0f{ -Rational 5 < • nfutk|efaL -Value for Money) 5 < • ;dfj]zL 5 <

31. g]kfndfgLltd'Nof+sgsf ;d:ofx?M • Evaluation Effectiveness is Determined by - (A×W×I)+E • A = Ability FactorM Resource, Manpower, Skill, Information sf] sldn] . • W = Willingness Factor • /fhglts / k|zf;lgs k|ltj4tf 5}g . • Buck Passing Tendency 5 . • Performance oriented culture 5}g . • sd{rf/Lsf] cj/f]w 5 . • I = Instrumentality Factor • Indicator j:t'lgi7 / ;do ;fk]If 5}gg . • Procedure emGeml6nf] 5 . • Action Plan agfOb}g .

32. g]kfndfgLltd'Nof+sgsf ;d:ofx?M • E = Environmental Factor • Supporting Environment sd 5 . • Politician, Donor Agency / Citizen sf] Co-operation sd 5 . • gLlt nIodf :ki6tf 5}g . • sf/0f / kl/0ffd 5'6\6ofpg ufx|f] 5 . • k"jf{u|xL x'g] cj:yf 5 . • d"Nof+sg cf}krfl/stfdf dfq l;ldt 5 . • gLlt k|efjsf] clglZrttf 5 .

33. gLlt d'Nof+sg • gLltk|efjsf] km}nfj6 j9L 5 . • d'Vok|fyldstf s] xf] 5'6\ofpgg;Sg' • /fhgLlt1 / gLltlgdf{tfaLrsf] cljZjf; • gLlt n]vgdfsdhf]/L • gLltth'{df, laZn]if0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg Ps cfk;dfcGt/ ;+jGwLt x'G5g\ . s'g} Ps r/0fdf sdhf]/L eP ;du| kl/df0fdf c;/ kb{5 . w]/} h;f] ljsf;zLn b]zsfd+qLkl/ifbn] u/]sfcfwfeGbf a9L gLltut lg0f{ox? slxNo} sfof{GjogdfgcfPsf] cj:yf ;d]t kfOPsf] 5 .