Thursday Lecture – Medicinal Plants

1. Thursday Lecture – Medicinal Plants Reading: Textbook, Chapter 11

2. Margarine – made from fats • - originally from animal fats • - white in color, so yellow dye added to create appearance of butter • Advantage: Stores better than butter • Dairy Industry – fought against use of margarine • - Taxes • Regulations against sale; against use of dyes • Wisconsin – prohibited sale of colored margarine– Repealed 1967; + heavy tax on uncolored (white) margarine (people would buy and mix their own coloring agent)

3. Quiz

4. Quiz • Name two of the four major vegetable oil crops. • Name a medicinal plant, and tell what medicine is obtained from it and a disease it is used to treat • What does soap have to do with vegetable oil?

5. History - Highlights Fig. 11.2, p. 263 2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy

6. History - Highlights Fig. 11.2, p. 263 2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy 1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants

7. History - Highlights Fig. 11.2, p. 263 2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy 1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants 1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas

8. History - Highlights Fig. 11.2, p. 263 2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy 1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants 1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas 400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine” 300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens

9. History - Highlights Fig. 11.2, p. 263 2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy 1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants 1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas 400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine” 300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens 77 AD – Dioscorides, De Materia Medica

10. History - Highlights Fig. 11.2, p. 263 2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy 1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants 1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas 400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine” 300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens 77 AD – Dioscorides, De Materia Medica

11. History – Highlights II 1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures

12. History – Highlights II 1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures 1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts

13. History – Highlights II 1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures 1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts 1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants

14. History – Highlights II 1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures 1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts 1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants 1900s – advent of “scientific medicine”

15. History – Highlights II 1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures 1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts 1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants 1900s – advent of “scientific medicine” 2000 – Alternative medicine; concern for biodiversity

16. Plant-Derived Medicines • Major Classes of Compounds: • Steroids

17. Plant-Derived Medicines • Major Classes of Compounds: • Steroids • Alkaloids

18. Plant-Derived Medicines • Major Classes of Compounds: • Steroids • Alkaloids • Useful terms: • “Secondary Compound” • “Glycoside”

19. Steroids - Chemistry Fig. 11.5, p. 271

20. Steroids - Chemistry Fig. 11.5, p. 271

21. Steroids - Chemistry

22. Alkaloids - Chemistry • Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure Fig. 11.7, p. 272

23. Alkaloids - Chemistry • Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure • Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems Fig. 11.7, p. 272

24. Alkaloids - Chemistry • Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure • Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems •  Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272

25. Alkaloids - Chemistry • Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure • Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems •  Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272

26. Examples of Plant Medicines Fig. 11.12, p. 276 1900 – over half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants 2001 – about 25% of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants, but many synthetic compounds are based on plant-produced structures, or start with plant materials Anasthetics, analgesics, heart medicines, laxatives, muscle relaxants etc.

27. Chaulmoogra Oil - Hydnocarpus Leprosy – bacterial disease, affects sensitive individuals Chaulmoogra oil – first effective treatment Active ingredient – seed oil Now replaced with antibiotics Fig. 11.8, p. 273

28. Fig. 11.9, p. 274 Malaria - Cinchona Malaria – caused by protozoan Cinchona = “Jesuit’s Bark”

29. “Stolen” by British, Dutch Cinchona - “bark of Peru”; ”yellow bark” About 40 species - Andean area of South America Native Grown

30. Salix - Aspirin Hippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain

31. Salix - Aspirin Hippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain 1897 – Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist – synthesizes, names aspirin

32. Salix - Aspirin Hippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain 1897 – Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist – synthesizes, names aspirin

33. Dioscorea steroids Wild Yam – convenient source for steroidal saponins which can be converted into synthetic hormones for use in contraceptives Fig. 11.13, p. 277

34. Fig. 11.6, p. 279 Papaver Alkaloids

35. Catharanthus – poster child for plant-derived medicines Fig. 11.22, p. 282 Effective drugs vs. lymphomas (Hodgkin’s disease)

36. New Drug Development average to develop a new drug in U.S. - $231 million/12 years -> many not developed, if patent protection not available, or if market not assured Comparison: Germany - "reasonable certainty" of safety and effectiveness U.S. - "absolute proof" -> some modern herbal preparations coming from Europe, sold as dietary supplements in U.S. Examples: St. John's Wort, Echinacea, Gingko

37. Looking for new drugs - General parameters: 1 in 10,000 chemicals screened -> new drug product Development of new drug in U.S. - 12 years/$231 million (average) Many drugs/diseases - not pursued because of lack of profitability

38. Development of Phy 906 – Phytoceutica Herbal medicine Based on Chinese Traditional Medicine Mixture of herbs: scutellaria (skullcap), glycyrrhiza (licorice), ziziphus (jujube), Paeonia (peony) Application: treat nausea and pain associated with cancer chemotherapy regimes Initial results: not only effective against side effects, but also appears to increase efficacy of chemotherapy for certain cancers

39. Problems in Development of Rain Forest Drugs International Agreements (1) Discovery - by pharmaceutical companies - preceded by traditional healers Who discovered/Who should benefit financially? (2) Ownership - seeds, genes, chemicals cycle: Gene poor country, has scientific expertise -> Gene rich country, has genetic diversity but lacks science -> development of chemical by gene poor country -> now sell back to gene rich/economically poor country

40. Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and Poisonous Plants Reading: Textbook, Chapter 12