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Environmental Management and DRR in Indian Context

Environmental Management and DRR in Indian Context. Prof. Vinod K. Sharma Sr. Professor, Disaster Management, Indian Institute of Public Administration, and Executive Vice-Chair, Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority. Some National Initiatives.

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Environmental Management and DRR in Indian Context

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  1. Environmental Management and DRR in Indian Context Prof. Vinod K. Sharma Sr. Professor, Disaster Management, Indian Institute of Public Administration, and Executive Vice-Chair, Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority

  2. Some National Initiatives The National Disaster Management Act-2005 National Disaster Management Authority-2005 National Action Plan on Climate Change Many states taking up initiatives: Acts, Authorities, Plans, Capacity Building (Leading states: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar Sikkim) District level empowerment Local level participation and action

  3. India’s Vulnerability • Floods • Droughts • Earthquakes • Landslides • Cyclones • Forest Fire • Cloud Burst • Hail storms

  4. Major Natural Disasters : 1990 - 2012 Earthquake, J&K Oct.8, 2005 1997 Chamoli 1999 KutchchhEarthquakes Uttarkashi 1991 Latur (Killari) 1993 Jabalpur , Gujarat 2001 J&K 2005 Cyclones East & West Godavari 1992& dist.of Andhra Pradesh 1996 Kutchchh, Gujarat 1998 Orissa 1999 Floods Punjab 1993 Kerala 1994 Punjab & Haryana 1996 Mumbai 2005 Tsunami Andaman & Nicobar Islands & coastal areas 2004 Earthquake, Gujarat January 26, 2001 Tsunami Dec.26, 2004

  5. Scientific initiatives in DRR • Vulnerability Atlas for each major hazard was prepared • High Powered Committee was set up by the Prime Minister in 1999 • Focus was on Preparedness, Planning and Mitigation • National, State and District level authorities were prepared • Disaster Management Act came to force in 2005

  6. Floods • Floods in the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature • On an average, a few hundred lives are lost • Millions are rendered homeless Lakhs of hectares of crops are damaged every year

  7. Case Studies • Mumbai 2005 • Surat Flood 2006 • Rajasthan Flood 2006, 2008, 2012 • Uttarakhand Floods 2013

  8. Wind and Cyclones • During the Period 1877-2005 in a 50 km wide strip following cyclonic activity have taken place: • 283 cyclones (106 severe) on the East Coast • 35 cyclones(19 severe) on West Coast • In the 19 severe cyclonic storms, death toll > 10,000 lives In 21 cyclones in Bay of Bengal (India and Bangladesh) 1.25 million lives have been lost

  9. Orissa Cyclone  26-29 October, 1999

  10. Earthquakes • 10.79% land is liable to severe earthquakes (intensity MSK IX or more) • 17.49% land is liable to MSK VIII (similar to Latur/Uttarkashi) • 30.79% land is liable to MSK VII (similar to Jabalpur earthquake) Biggest quakes in Andamans, Kuchh, Himachal, Kashmir, Bihar and the North Eastern States)

  11. Sikkim

  12. Brief information on Sikkim

  13. Earthquake details

  14. Sikkim After Earthquake 2011 Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority Established Significant progress since Sikkim-Nepal Earthquake of September 2011 Environment-Disaster Link: India’s first fully ORGANIC STATE and preparing for disasters Establishing Himalayan Institute of Environment and Disaster Management Taking community based approach, involving schools, voluntary organisations, local leaders

  15. Landslides • The Indian Subcontinent with diverse physiographic, seismotectonic and climatologic conditions is subjected to varying degree of landslide hazards. • The himalayas including Northeastern mountain regions being the worst affected followed by a section of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Vindhyas. Accounts for considerable loss of life and damage to communication routes, human settlements, agricultural fields and forest lands.

  16. Recent Trends and Concerns • Unusual and unexpected weather events • Heavy rain • Early or delayed rain • Hail, snow • Unseasonal windstorms • Excessive heat • Excessive cold • Resultant change in water and crop patterns

  17. Direct Impact on Coastal Areas • Rise in sea level – loss of coastal lands and small islands • Relevance to all coastal areas • Islands along coastal states (Eg. Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal) • A&N Islands • Lakshadweep Islands

  18. Direct Impact on All Areas • Increased frequency, increased severity, and less predictability of : • Storms • Floods • Flash floods • Cloud bursts • Rain caused landslides • Snow fall • Heat waves

  19. Current Trends to watch • Increased cloud bursts in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and J&K (2010 flashfloods), and Sikkim in 2012, Uttarakhand 2013 • Rising temperature trends in Orissa (Talcher 52 degrees Celsius) • Freak floods in drought prone Rajasthan • Drought in flood prone Assam • Glacier depletion along Himalayan Belt • Crop failure due to rainfall variations • Increased migration to large cities in search for work

  20. Trends to Expect in Future • Increased flooding and droughts due to rainfall variations • Increased flooding for some years due to snow melt • Droughts after some year due to depleting water sources • Severe cyclones, specially in WB, Orissa, AP, TN, Gujarat • Crop failures, depletion in fish catch

  21. Who is at Risk? • Particularly the poor • Inhabitants of towns and villages in fragile ecosystems (mountains, coasts, arid areas..) • Farming communities dependent on rainfed agriculture • Hill communities dependent on natural water sources • Megacities with high water demand

  22. What can be done to stop the trend • Reduce glasshouse gas emissions: • Clean technologies in industries • Improved refrigeration and transportation systems • Reduce energy consumption at all levels • Switch to greener energy sources • Reduce energy consumption through efficiency and austerity • Adopt renewable energy sources in disaggregated manner • Invest in improvement of technologies and their dissemination

  23. Climate Change Adaptation • Adaptive Agriculture • Switch to crops that can yield within changed durations of rainfall season • Adaptive Water Management • Manage water sources and increase water harvesting and water recycling at local level • Adaptive Settlements • Plan cities and villages to be away from path of predictable disasters • Go Green

  24. Prevailing Planning Practice • prescriptive Land-use zoning (20 year horizon) • disaster prone and environmentally sensitive areas are declared unsuitable for development, but economic pressures prevail

  25. Human Settlements - this is not what we had planned ! • Local informal economies • pressure in centrally located vacant land • Unhealthy villages and cities • Severe environmental degradation

  26. Compounded risks • DISASTER - annual ritual • Illegal settlements… cannot be recognized or catered to • Informal settlements represent a vast human population living in temporary and unsafe structures with little or no facilities……

  27. Even hazards of low intensity attain disastrous proportions when they strike such vulnerable communities and degraded environments

  28. Disaster-Environment Impact Matrix D=Direct, I=Indirect, S=Secondary, L=Less, C=Case specific

  29. From sectoral to holistic planning Concerned agencies & Communities

  30. Disaster Risk ManagementDisaster Management Vehicle RISK MANAGEMENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE Prevention Mitigation Preparedness Planning Planning Response Hazard / Risk Reduction Vulnerability Reduction Emergency Risk Assessment RESIDUAL RISK Risk Analysis Relief Governance ENVIRONMENT community COMMAND Rehabilitation Reconstruction Evaluation Monitoring Management centric Operation centric

  31. Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction Risk Reduction: • Event minimization • Loss minimization • Quick recovery (Resilience) Approach: • Visualizing hazards • Reducing vulnerability • Increasing coping capacities

  32. DM Paradigm Shift • Response Centric • Relief Centric • Mitigation centric • Preparedness centric • Disaster Centric • Hazard Centric • Vulnerability Centric • Environment Centric Adaptation

  33. DRR Strategy Design – Components • What is the risk hazard - event xdamageability • What is at risk • – Life, Structures, Resources, Infrastructure • Resist • Resilience • Avoid • Tolerate • Manage • Programmes • Direct • Indirect • Infused

  34. Causes Causes Immediate/ Long Immediate/ Long - - term term Population Population De De - - forestation forestation High Consumption High Consumption Climate Change Climate Change Effects Effects Waste Waste Coral Reef Damages Coral Reef Damages Coastal Zone Impacts Coastal Zone Impacts Ground water contamination Ground water contamination Siltation Siltation issue issue Effect on agriculture land Effect on agriculture land Causes Reduced through multi-stakeholder cooperation Causes Building disaster capacity The Environment cause-effect cycle Effects Effects Reduced through awareness, policies & action

  35. Environ-disaster interface Poverty Losses Population Growth High Exposure to Hazard Locations Environmental Hazards Complex Low coping capacity High Disaster Risk Hazard / Trigger event Major Disaster Losses Source: 2008(5) Publication

  36. IMPACTS OF DISASTERS Disaster Event • Physical (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads, bridges, etc.) • Environmental (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers / estuaries, aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere, energy, etc.) • Social (life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.) • Economic (assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production, guarantee/insurance, etc.) Physical Environmental SOCIAL Economic

  37. DRR Interventions - Routes • Direct : DM Act, Rules, Policy… • DM Programmes – NCRM, Capacity building programme of Engineers/Architects • Environmental Resources: • Land/soil/land-use • Water/water bodies, watersheds • Wetlands, Rivers • Air/atmosphere • Habitat/vegetation-forests, plantation, orchards, agriculture - agroforestry, aquaculture • Livestock, wild animals • Environmental supplies – water, PHE, sanitation, waste mgmt, • Chemicals / minerals • Welfare programmes • Family, child, youth, sports, NREGS, RTI, …. • Service programmes • Transport, health, communication, housing, aviation, navigation, fire, industry

  38. Rural Environmental Programme KEY ISSUES: • All rural programmes • Natural Resources • Land • Water • Energy • Vegetation • Agriculture • Forestry • Horticulture • Aquaculture • Animals • Fisheries • Livestock • Wildlife • Env. Health • Sanitation • Supplies

  39. Climate Change Impacts • Climate change is considered as an environmental phenomena. • Climate change impacts are seen in the form of natural disasters like drought, flood etc. • Livelihoods of the rural communities are directly affected by the climate change impacts • Adaptation to climate change is becoming increasingly recognized as the key issue (as opposed to mitigation), and it is considered as the pre-disaster preparedness measures.

  40. When people plan... • Participatory appraisals and stakeholder sensitization • Community Action Planning - bottoms up! • Local action oriented

  41. For a safer tomorrow.. • Preventing mushrooming of NEW development projects and settlements in environmentally sensitive areas • Reducing socio-economic inequalities in the population and providing for safe & healthy living • Adopting conservation and development in an ECOSYSTEM SENSITIVE manner • Prevention Pays…!!

  42. New Challenges • Multiple agencies working in DRR and Environment • Ministry of Environment and Forests • Ministry of Home affairs • National Disaster management Authority • Ministry of Science and Technology • Ministry of Agriculture • Ministry of Water Resources • Planning Commission of India • University research is not linked with development planning

  43. Thank You!

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