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Module 1

Module 1. Biotechnology Basics. Developed by Mary Gutiérrez Phillips Tulsa Community College NSF/ATE Award #0602744. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS. What is biotechnology? Bio = life techno = tools ology = the study of. Definition:

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Module 1

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  1. Module 1 Biotechnology Basics Developed by Mary Gutiérrez Phillips Tulsa Community College NSF/ATE Award #0602744

  2. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS What is biotechnology? Bio = life techno = tools ology = the study of

  3. Definition: Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, their products or parts (such as protein, DNA or RNA) to make useful products.

  4. Examples: vaccines, genetically modified foods and animals, pharmaceuticals (drugs) such as insulin and growth hormone.

  5. NO. Humans have been breeding crops and domesticating animals for thousands of years! (10,000 C.E. – 4,000 C.E.) Is Biotechnology a new science? Yes and No…

  6. People have been baking bread, making cheese, yogurt and brewing alcoholic beverages. (2000 C.E.)

  7. Yes.Since the discovery of DNA, biotechnology has involved the use and manipulation of DNA, RNA and proteins for the development of genetically modified foods, animals, vaccines and other drugs.

  8. 1600 C.E. -1700 C.E. The microscope is discovered. Leeuwenhoek describes protozoa and bacteria.

  9. 1700 C.E. - 1800 C.E. 1797 Edward Jenner inoculates child with smallpox vaccine.

  10. 1800 C.E. - 1850 C.E. Cell Theory 1838-1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schawnn state: Plants and animals are made up of cells. 1855 Rudolph Virchow states: cells come from cells.

  11. 1850 C.E. - 1900 C.E. 1861 Louis Pasteur proposes the “Germ Theory,” pasteurization and discovers the rabies vaccine (1885). 1859 Charles Darwin writes “The Origin of Species” and proposes the Theory of Evolution. 1863 Gregor Mendel discovers principles of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

  12. 1900 C.E. - 1950 C.E. 1915 –Thomas Hunt Morgan studied fruit flies and proposed that chromosomes carry genes. 1917 – the first time the word “biotechnology” is used. 1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin – a mold. 1944 - Avery, MacLeod and McCarty discover DNA is the genetic material.

  13. 1950 C.E. - 1970 C.E. 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA. In 1962, they win the Nobel Prize.

  14. 1960's C.E. Adult Stem Cell Research

  15. 1970 - Present Biotech Revolution April 19, 1971

  16. 1970 C.E. - 1980 C.E. 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer Cut and paste bacteria and human genes DNA - Recombinant DNA Science U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis. http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/boyercohen.html

  17. 1974 Word “nanotechnology” is coined by Norio Tanihuchi of Japan Viruses are biological “nanobots.” They range in size between 20 – 200 nanometers. Nano - means “dwarf” the prefix nano means a billionth or 10-9 Tech- tools ology- study of http://www.swbic.org/

  18. Definition: Nanotechologymanipulates atoms and molecules whose size range from 1-100 nanometers. Special microscopes can see very small objects, molecules and atoms.

  19. April 18, 1977 July 31, 1978 http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19770418,00.html

  20. 1978 http://www.allrefer.com/pictures/s4/p0013051-genetic-engineering

  21. 1980 C.E. - 1990 C.E. 1981 Transgenic mice. Mice carry human genes that help scientists test how genes work.

  22. March 9, 1981 Genentech launches commercialization of genetically engineered products.

  23. 1982 FDA patent approved to use genetically engineered insulin.

  24. 1986 FDA approves the first genetically engineered vaccine -hepatitis B http://www.fotosearch.com/IMG015/42-16341203/

  25. 1990 C.E. - 2000 C.E.

  26. 1990 Human Genome Project Project launched to map all of the human chromosomes Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, permission for educational use http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu.

  27. New Fields of Study Emerge Bioinformatics: The use of computers, mathematical analysis and technology to study biological information. Proteomics: The study of how proteins function in the body.

  28. 1990 FDA approves first genetically modified food substance- a recombinantenzyme called chymosinmade from genetically modified yeast. Chymosin is used for making cheese. Rennet (natural) comes from suckling calves stomachs.

  29. November 8, 1993

  30. 1994 . Flavr Savr Tomato FDA approved first genetically modified food. The tomato was resistant to rotting and could ripen on the vine longer.

  31. GE Canola GE Papaya GE Corn Acreage 2002 USDA ERS Acreage 2003 NCFAP Acreage 2005 USDA NASS 75% of total crop 46% of total crop 52% of total crop GE Soybean GE Cotton GE Squash (yellow straight and crookneck; zucchini) 2003 NCFAP Acreage 2005 USDA NASS Acreage 2005 USDA NASS 87% of total crop 76% of total crop 19% of total crop SOURCES: NCFAP (www.ncfap.rg/whatwedo/pdf/2004finalreport.pdf) USDA NASS (www.nass.usda.gov)

  32. http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/September05/Findings/GECropsRising.htmhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/September05/Findings/GECropsRising.htm

  33. 1996 Hello Dolly The first animal cloned from an adult cell. March 10, 1997 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1741559.stm

  34. 1998 1998 - James Thompson Human Embryonic Stem Cells http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/media

  35. 2000 C.E. - present August 7, 2006 August 20, 2001 August 30, 2004

  36. 2001 First cloned cat – CC for “carbon copy”

  37. 2003 Human Genome sequence completed. All the human genes are mapped.

  38. 2003 GloFish -first genetically modified pet. Just for fun! The zebra fish have a gene from jellyfish or coral that make them glow red, green or yellow. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/12/03/eveningnews/main586693.shtml

  39. 2006 FDA approves first vaccine against cancer. The vaccine blocks several types of the HPV (human papillomavirus) The virus causes genital warts and causes over 70% of cervical cancer. Permission granted: http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/cgi-in/virusworld/virustable.pl?virusdata=hpv%2C+Human+papilloma+virus%2C+1L0T

  40. U.S. 300,233,107 World 6,557,779,128 Why is Biotechnology important? Biotech is important for many reasons: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html

  41. Biotech is important for many reasons: Health care Food and agricultural needs Clean and safe water resources Alternative fuels

  42. 5. Forensics 6. Bioremediation (use of bacteria to clean the environment)

  43. Careers and Education in Biotechnology

  44. START EARLY Education – sciences (biology, chemistry, microbiology, genetics biotechnology) , mathematics, business, computers. Talk to teachers, counselors, people in the field, take special workshops, find out about shadowing or internships. Visit your community college!

  45. Genetic testing, diseases organ transplants, vaccines, public health, epidemiologist, pharmaceutical development, fertility specialist, Agriculture and wildlife- crop development, pesticide reduction, food safety, wildlife management, species protection, environment protection, clean water, waste management Forensics and law, research how DNA and proteins function

  46. Biotechnology and Fears October 25, 2004 November 13, 2006 Improve Life or Destroy life?

  47. References • Biotechnology Learning Center Interactive Biotechnology Timeline http://www.childrensmuseum.org/biotech/timeline.htm 2. Access Excellence -Biotechnology 1977 to present http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/1977-Present.html 3. Interactive and animated timeline http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline2.swf 4. Biotechnology Industry Organization Timeline http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline.asp 5. Biotechnology Timeline http://www.abpischools.org.uk/resources/poster-series/biotech/timeline.asp 6. Biotechnology Institute Timeline http://www.biotechinstitute.org/what_is/timeline.html 7. Biotechnology Australia Biotechnology Timeline http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/foodag/timeline.cfmFood 8. Monsanto Company – A Brief Biotech Timeline http://www.biotechknowledge.monsanto.com/biotech/bbasics.nsf/timeline.html?OpenPage 9. North Carolina Biotechnology Center Timeline http://www.ncbiotech.org/resource_center/timeline.html 10. Time Magazine Covers – Free archive http://www.time.com/time/coversearch/

  48. 11. Permission to use images for educational purposes: Virus image Cornelia Büchen-Osmond ICTVdB Management, Columbia University Email: cb2009@columbia.edu 12. All Refer.com Reference -Genetic engineering of insulin graphic permission for educational purposes http://www.allrefer.com/disclaimer.html#1 13. Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, permission for educational use http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu. (colorful chromosomes) 14. National Institute of Health – Stem Cell Information (Promise of Stem Cell diagram) http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/defaultpage.asp 15. US Bureau Census – World Population Information - graph http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 16. Geek Philosopher royalty free photos (sheep, potato) http://geekphilosopher.com/MainPage/bkgVeg.htm 17. U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis 18. ArgenBio Spanish vocabulary and Timeline http://www.argenbio.org/h/lineat/index.php 19. Man Receiving Injection 42-16341203 image100 Royalty Free Photograph http://www.fotosearch.com/IMG015/42-16341203 20. NIH – stem cells Free image downlodas from NIH – stem cells http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/media/defaultpage.asp 21. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

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