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Earth Systems 3209

Earth Systems 3209. Reference: Chapters 2, 3, 6, 7; Appendix A & B. Unit: 3 Earth’s Materials. Unit 3: Topic 4.7. Stages of Coal Formation. Focus on . . . explaining the processes associated with the four stages responsible for the formation of coal. Formation of Coal.

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Earth Systems 3209

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  1. Earth Systems 3209 Reference: Chapters 2, 3, 6, 7; Appendix A & B Unit: 3Earth’s Materials

  2. Unit 3: Topic 4.7 Stages of Coal Formation Focus on . . . • explaining the processes associated with the four stages responsible for the formation of coal.

  3. Formation of Coal • Coal is a sedimentary/metamorphic rock produced in swamps where there is a large-scaleaccumulation of organic matter from plants. • Organic materials consist of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. When plant material is buried, the hydrogen and oxygen (H2O) is released leaving the carbon behind. • Two major coal producing periods are known in geologic history. Duringthe Carboniferous and Permian Periods,the continents were apparently located near the equatorand covered by shallow seas. • This type of environment favoured the growth ofvegetation andrapid burial to produce coal. Text Reference: Pages 170-172

  4. Formation of Coal • Coal is considered a Fossil Fuel. • Fossil Fuels: • Non-renewable fuels that formed long ago from the remains of plants and animals. • The origin of fossil fuels, starts with photosynthesis. • Note that if the reaction runs in reverse, it produces energy and releases carbon dioxide and water.

  5. Formation of Coal • The Formation of CoalInvolvesSeveralStages: • Formation of Peat: • Swamps are areas where organic matterfrom plants accumulate. As the plants die and get buried they compact to becomepeat.With time and more compaction,almost all of the water is lost and three different grades of coal result. • Peat is not a rock!! It is a stage of coal. Peat Burial Lignite Coal Seam Burial

  6. Formation of Coal • The Formation of CoalInvolvesSeveralStages: • Formation of Lignite Coal: • Compaction of the peat due to burial drives off volatile components like water andmethane, eventually producing a black-colored, organic-rich coal called lignite. • Soft brown coal which consist of about40% carbon and a larger amount of volatiles. • Because it has more volatiles, lignite does not burn efficiently. Peat Burial Lignite Coal Seam Burial

  7. Compaction Bituminous Burial Anthracite Coal Seam Formation of Coal • The Formation of CoalInvolvesSeveralStages: • Formation of Bituminous Coal: • Furthercompaction and heating results in a more carbon- rich coal called bituminouscoal. • Soft coal which consist of about 85% carbon and lesser volatiles. • Burns easily but produces a lot of smoke. Metamorphism

  8. Compaction Bituminous Burial Anthracite Coal Seam Formation of Coal • The Formation of CoalInvolvesSeveralStages: • Formation of Anthracite Coal: • If the rockbecomes metamorphosed, a high grade coal called anthracite is produced. • Hard dark coal which consist of 90% to 95% carbon and burns very hot and clean. Forms as a result of metamorphic conditions. • Because it has less volatiles, anthracite coal burns cleanly produces the most energy. Metamorphism

  9. Formation of Coal • Coal • buried and compacted plant material • different kinds of coal, depending on formation process.

  10. Stages of Coal Formation PEAT LIGNITE BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE

  11. Example 1: Which forms by metamorphism? (A) anthracite coal (B) bituminous coal (C) sandstone (D) shaleIn which locality would coal deposits most likely form? continental shelves (B) deltas (C) ocean floor (D) swamps

  12. Your Turn . . . Take the time and complete the following questions . . .(Solutions to follow) Question: What is the correct sequence in the formation of coal? (A) anthracite - bituminous - lignite - peat (B) anthracite - peat - bituminous - lignite (C) peat - anthracite - lignite - bituminous (D) peat - lignite - bituminous - anthracite

  13. Solutions . . . Question: What is the correct sequence in the formation of coal? (A) anthracite - bituminous - lignite - peat (B) anthracite - peat - bituminous - lignite (C) peat - anthracite - lignite - bituminous (D) peat - lignite - bituminous - anthracite

  14. Sample Problem Use a diagram to explain the four stages involved in the formation of anthracite coal. Answer: From peat to lignite there is burial and compaction. From lignite to bituminous there is greater burial. From bituminous to anthracite there is metamorphism. Water and gases are releasedduring all stages.

  15. Summary . . . Overview of Points covered: • Formation of coal involves four (4) stages:

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