World War I and Russian Revolution

1. World War I and Russian Revolution Unit 14 Text book pages 743-763 and 769-780

2. Warm up • Should you always support a friend , no matter what he or she does? • What might be the risks of refusing to help an ally? • What might be the consequences of a war involving Europe?

3. Overview • In this unit (14) you will learn how a crisis between Austria- Hungary and Serbia set off a chain reaction that led to a major world war. Russia left the war and experienced a Communist revolution. After the war, the imperial governments of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey disappeared, while new nations emerged in Eastern Europe.

4. Textbook read • Section one pages 738-746 • Please read • Explain Nationalism • Explain the Alliances • Explain the crisis in the Balkans • 15 minutes to complete • Discuss answers with a classmate

5. Origins of World War I (1 of 2) • What was the primary cause of WWI? • What country was the leading imperialist? • What created pressure for further colonization? • What does the saying “The sun never sets on the British Empire” mean? • What guaranteed the British middle class safety and comfort? • What was the main item for trade? And what made it a non luxury item? • Is wealth okay to have when it is gained by the expense of another even though it promoted famine? • What was the justification of the imperialists?

6. Origins of World War I (2 of 2) • What caused imperialistic disputes? • Who humiliated the Russians in the Russo-Japanese war? Why was their humiliation? • How did Germany test their strength? • Why was it important for Germany to test their rivals? Who stopped Germany? • Why was France building a navy? What did Britain do to counter Frances ambitions? • Why was their military build up in the imperialist countries? • What occurred during the arms race among nations? • What was the mood on Europe? • What two countries sparked WWI? When did they declare WAR on each other? • How do you think WWI destroy European dominance in the world?

8. The Outbreak of World War I • The World on the eve of World War I: • In 1900, Europeans were enjoying greater peace and prosperity than ever before. • A major war had nor occurred on the continent for almost a century. • However some places in the world were brewing with discontent. In Turkey, Mexico, China, and Russia, reformers influenced by European ideas were outraged at sharp social divisions and authoritarian governments. • In Austria Hungary (Austria’s name after a compromise with Hungary in 1867), different ethnic minorities dreamt of independence and establishing their own nation-states.

9. The World on the eve of World War I: • Early 1900’s, Reformers turned to forming secret revolutionary movements. Soon different parts of the world exploded in social revolution. The movements overthrew military dictators, emperors and Sultans. • All this was only the prelude to later violence

10. The World on the eve of World War I: • The powerful forces of nationalism and reform, which effected Russia, Turkey, Mexico, and China, had an equally explosive impact on the multi-ethnic empire of Austria-Hungary. • Only two years after the fall of the Chinese emperor, events in Austria-Hungary would bring the rest of Europe into conflict. • This struggle, known at the time as the “Great War,” would be a major turning point in world history.

11. Why a turning point? • New technologies made warfare tremendously more destructive than ever before. Imperial governments and the old class system of Europe were forever shattered. • The peace that followed saw the momentary triumph of democracy, national self-determination and the creation of new international peace organization. • But the violence of the war also prepared the way for the rise of both communism and fascism.

12. The underlying causes of the War I • Few could have predicted that World War I would be as destructive as it was. • 1917-1918 World War I : • 116,708 total Americans killed • 204,002 total Americans wounded • cost Americans $33 billion dollars • http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/allwars.htm

13. underlying causes • Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system prepared the way for the outbreak of World War I. • Nationalism • Imperialism • The Alliance System • Militarism • So let us talk about Nationalism….

14. Nationalism • Nationalismencouraged rivalries such as rivalries between France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. • The spread of nationalism led to the creation of the new independent nations such as in the Balkans – Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Albania, and Rumania. • Some of these new nations consisted of several different ethnic groups. These groups wanted their own nation-states. This threatened to break Empires apart, such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire apart.

16. Imperialism • Many European powers believed that the sign of a great power was possession of overseas colonies. • The European powers had become accustomed to competing for colonies in Africa and Asia. • Competing claims created an atmosphere of tension between the major powers. • Behind the nationalistic rivalries of the European great powers were competing economic interest. • By 1900, one quarter of the world was under British rule. German industrialization threatened British economic supremacy. Russian interests in the Balkans threatened both Austria-Hungary and Turkey.

17. British grabs colonies in Africa and Asia

19. The Alliance System • By 1914, Europe had come to be divided into two large alliances. • On one side stood Germany and Austria Hungary. Italy joined them to form the Triple Alliance in 1882. • On the other side stood Russia, France and Great Britain, Triple Entente. • Although these alliances sought to preserve the existing balance of power, any dispute involving any two of these countries threatened to drag in all the others.

21. Militarism • Militarism occurs when military values and goals take over civilian society. • By the end of the 19th century, societies had become increasingly militaristic. • Every country tried to build up its army. • Kings wore military uniforms, even in everyday life. • Generals became influential in government. • Germany and Britain competed to build the most powerful navy.

22. Military planning • Military planning played a key role in the outbreak of World War I. • Because it took time to assemble and move armies on railroads, military leaders thought it was better to attack first than to be attacked. • This created pressure to mobilize and act quickly.

23. Important ideas • Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system prepared the way for the outbreak of World War I.

24. Discussion: Question and application • Sometimes friends join together into groups to have fun, but also to defend themselves against members of other groups. • How are such relationships similar to the alliances formed by the Great Powers of Europe? Your thoughts?

25. The Flashpoint that ignites the WAR • In July 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austria Empire, was assassinated by a member of a terrorist group, the BLACK HAND, a Slav nationalist group. • Austrian leaders correctly believed that Serb officials had secretly helped the assassins. • The Austrians decided to teach Serbia a lesson. This set off a chain reaction. WAR was declared!!! • Because of the various alliance treaties, Russia entered the conflict to protect Serbia. Next Germany entered the war to fulfill its treaty obligations to protect Austria. • Finally, Britain and France came in to honor their alliance with Russia.

26. In a few weeks…..WAR • Thus within a few weeks, Austria, Russia, Germany, Britain and France were all at war. • What began as a minor regional crisis in the Balkans had quickly escalated into a major European conflict. • Italy refused to join the Central Powers since Austria had attacked first. • The Ottoman Empire quickly joined the Central Powers to oppose Russia, while Bulgaria joined to oppose Serbia.

27. Europe before WWI

28. Europe After WWI

29. Film: Causes and Effects of WWI • What sparked WWI? • What did colonization have to do with the start of WWI? • What happened when the empires collided? • Why was Nationalism important in the start of WWI? • Why did the empires sought alliances? • Who were the Allied powers? • Who were the Central powers? • Who declared war on Serbia? • Who declared war on Austria Hungary? • Who jumped in to protect Serbia? • Who did Germany Help? • When did the U.S. Jump into the Great War?

30. Thanksgiving History • A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving – Thanksgiving • Thanksgiving • Thanksgiving Becomes a Holiday

31. Fighting the war • Military leaders on both sides thought the war would be over quickly. • In fact, the struggle lasted several years. • To avoid a two front war, German war plans called Germany to march through the lowlands of neutral Belgium and to take Paris quickly before Russia could enter the war. • The Germans advanced, but were stopped before they could reach Paris

32. Why? • Meanwhile, when war broke out President Woodrow Wilson called upon Americans to take no sides and to remain neutral. • Question: Why did the US remain neutral? • Because it was a European problem, and it did not effect the US. In fact the US shipped supplies to Entente alliance. Which meant $ for the US economy.

33. Weapons • New and improved weapons were used in fighting the war • The machine gun • Poison gas • Submarines • Airplanes • Do you think these weapons made it easier to attack or defend a position? • These weapons made it easier to defend positions than to attack

34. Trench warfare • Soldiers dug trenches that extended hundreds of miles along eastern France. • This trench warfare was a new and strange form of warfare the world had never seen. • In trench warfare, both sides dug ditches to create fortified positions • These trenches were separated by fields of barbed wire and mines known as “no man’s land” • Anyone who climbed out of the trenches faced instant death from enemy machine gun fire. • Soldiers spent years in these trenches facing shelling from artillery fire for hours each day. • What do you think was the main problem with trench warfare? • neither side could advance, fighting lines became stationary.

35. More warfare • Ground-Soldiers would face attacks with poison gas- casualty rates were high • Ground – flame throwers • Ground-Tanks were first introduced, but were still primitive to be effective • AIR-The first airplanes were used to see what was going on across enemy lines WWI Aviation: Pt 1 - Flying to War • Oceans- German submarines, called U-boats, were used to attack large ships.The Use Of U Boats In WWI • During WWI, what impact did the use of these weapons have?

36. “total war” • Britain placed a blockade around Germany and Austria-Hungary in an attempt to starve them into submission. • Russia became isolated from the West. • Each side tried to mobilize all its resources, turning the war into a “total war”.

37. What were some of the causes of WWI? • Imperialism (sign of great power with the possession of overseas colonies) • Nationalism (their nation is superior to others) • Division of Europe into two alliances • Societies became militaristic – growth of European countries • the conflict between Serbia plus the Black Hand (Slav nationalist group), and Austria for the killing of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

38. Enemies stop fighting on one day that shocked the World • The Christmas Truce Part 1 • The Christmas Truce Part 2 • The Christmas Truce Part 3 • The Christmas Truce Part 4

39. The United States Helps win the war • Serbia , Belgium, Italy, Romania, Greece, and Portugal joined the Allied Powers. • The US was neutral and were sympathetic to Britain and France. • When American ships sent supplies to the Allies, they were attacked by German submarines. • In response, the United States finally entered the war in 1917 • In the same year 1917, Russia dropped out. • President Wilson declared that the war would make the world “Safe for democracy.” • The Great War - 06 - Collapse (1/4)

40. Fourteen Points and the League of Nations • President Wilson announced America’s war aims in the Fourteen Points. • He wanted to redraw the map of Europe so that each nationality had its own state. • For example, he demanded creation of an independent Poland. • Wilson also demanded freedom of the seas, an end to secret diplomacy, and the creation of a League of Nations. • American’s entry into the war broke the deadlock in Europe. • In November1918, Germans laid down their weapons and surrendered.

41. The Aftermath of World War I • The human and material costs of WWI were staggering • Millions of people were killed or injured. • Famine and malnutrition threatened many regions. Under stress of the war, the governments of Russia and Germany were overthrown.

42. The Paris Peace Conference (1919) • Believing that President Wilson’s offer would be the basis of the peace settlement, Germans agreed to end the war and to overthrow the Kaiser. • Allied leaders Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George from Great Britain, and Georges Clemenceau from France met in Paris to negotiate the peace. • Allied Public opinion was eager for revenge. • The Treaty of Versailles (1919) concluded peace with Germany; other treaties dealt with Austria-Hungary and Turkey. • The final peace terms turned out to be extremely harsh on Germany.

43. League of Nations • According to the covenant of the League of Nations, its purpose was to promote disarmament and prevent war. • The League had no military force of its own, so it depended on the help of its member states • The League consisted of a Council, representing the Great Powers, and an Assembly in which all member states were represented. It also created a new Court of Internal Justice.

44. Peace terms Ending World War I • Germany’s Territorial losses- A new independent Poland was created. Germany lost territory to France and Poland, as well as all of its overseas colonies. • Punishing Germany – Germany lost its navy, while its army was reduced to a small police force. Germany was forced to accept blame for starting the war in the War Guilt Clause and was required to pay huge reparations (payment for damages) to the Allies. • Austria Hungary and Turkey – The Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided into several new national states. Turkey lost its territories in the Middle East. • League of Nations- The Treaty created the League of nations, an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against aggressors. The League was severely weakened when several major powers, such as the United States and Russia, failed to join.

45. The Russian Revolution • One of the most important consequences of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917. • This revolution was to have far-reaching effects on the World. • To understand the causes of the revolution, it is necessary to first examine developments taking place in Russia earlier in the nineteenth century.

46. The Developments of a Revolution

47. The Roots of the Revolution • The Russian Tsars (emperors) ruled as autocrats (absolute rulers). Through a network of secret police and strict censorship, new ideas were repressed. • The vast majority of Russians were illiterate serfs who lived in poverty. • The serfs remained bound to the land, long after serfdom had been abolished in other Western European countries. • A small group of nobles owned thousands of serfs and enjoyed vast wealth • Despite earlier efforts to introduce Western ideas and technology into Russia, social conditions kept the country economically under-developed. Russian reformers, inspired by example of Western Europe, hoped to abolish serfdom and modernize their country.

48. Emancipation of the Serfsvarious efforts to procuring political rights or equality • The Russians were a proctor (supervisor) of the Orthodox Christians and waged war with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in the 19th century (WWI was in the 20th century) • Russia engaged in the Crimean War (1854-1856) against Turkey, whom was supported by France and England- Russia lost the war despite their large army • Tsar Alexander II decided to listen to reformers and emancipated (liberated) the serfs in 1861. • The “Tsar Liberator” also intended to introduce a new elected assembly and other reforms. Ironically, the liberator Alexander II was assassinated by Russian revolutionaries shortly afterward. • This put an end to all attempts at reform. The freed serfs remained landless peasants, and paid rent to their former owners • The later Tsars returned to a policy of opposing all change and using harsh repression to maintain the existing social order.

49. Autocracy, Nationality, and Orthodoxy • Russian Nationalism had important effects on its conservative rulers. • They identified their empire with autocracy (one ruler with supreme power), the Russian nationality and the Russian Orthodox Church. • The government acted as the proctor of the new Slav states in the Balkans. It also adopted a policy of Russification, forcing non-Russian people such as the Finns, Poles, and peoples of Central Asia to adopt the Russian language and culture. • Jews were persecuted in anti-semiticpogroms (large scale)(officially encouraged persecutions against Jews)Jews were persecuted unless they convert to being an Orthdox Christian

50. Prelude to the Revolution • By 1900, the Russian Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean. • Compared to the countries of Western Europe, Russia remained backward. • Peasants and factory workers lived in conditions of terrible poverty, while the landowning nobles enjoyed lives of wealth and leisure. • The autocratic Tsars opposed democratic reform, and secret revolutionary societies had formed among members of the educated elite.