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Würm Ice Age (110 000 – 10 000 BCE)

Würm Ice Age (110 000 – 10 000 BCE). Würm Ice Age : Chronology. Würm Ice Age : Climate Record. Würm : map. Holocene : Climate Record. The Three Diffusion Models of the IE Languages. Ursprache (proto-language) Urvolk (first people) Urheimat (homeland) Hypothesis I : Invasionist

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Würm Ice Age (110 000 – 10 000 BCE)

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  1. Würm Ice Age (110 000 – 10 000 BCE)

  2. Würm Ice Age : Chronology

  3. Würm Ice Age : Climate Record

  4. Würm : map

  5. Holocene : Climate Record

  6. The Three Diffusion Models of the IE Languages Ursprache (proto-language) Urvolk (first people) Urheimat (homeland) Hypothesis I : Invasionist Hypothesis II : Farming Hypothesis III : Continuity

  7. Archaeologic Cultures in Western Europe during the Holocene

  8. Model I : Invasionist (Kossinna) • Theoretician : Gustav Kossinna - 1911 • Homeland : Northern Germany • Date : 4000 BCE • Expansion Mode : Military Conquest → Horse + Bronze Weapons + Wheel • Indigeneous Population (AltEuropäische) = peasants + matriarcal (Mother Goddess) • Proto-Indo-Europeans : Nomadic Warriors + patriarcal

  9. Model I : Invasionist (Kossinna) - map

  10. Model I : Invasionist (Gimbutas) • Theoretician : Marija Gimbutas • Homeland : Ukraine 1960 • Date : 3000 BCE • Expansion Mode : Military Conquest → Horse + Bronze Weapons • Indigeneous Population (AltEuropäische) = peasants + matriarcal (Mother Goddess) • Proto-Indo-Europeans : Nomadic Warriors + patriarcal

  11. Model I : Invasionist (Gimbutas) - map

  12. Objections Which proofs does the Invasionist Model requires ? • An archaeologic culture stretching from the homeland to western Europe and India. No. • Items attesting the use of horses in combat. No. • Archeologic attestation of significant battles. No. • A good reason to move from the homeland : why should they bother to go anywhere else ? No. « The need for conquest ». • A highly hierarchized society allowing the constitution of a warrior caste. No.

  13. What do we actually have ? • A common lexical stock BUT • Very few words are common to ALL the IE languages (around 10) • Some words may have been borrowed from neighbouring languages (ex; the numbers) : inheritance vs. borrowing. • Common grammatical features (verb and noun flexion, affixation) : very little chance of borrowing

  14. Model II: Neolithic Dispersal Theory (Colin Renfrew) • An archaeologic culture stretching from the homeland to western Europe and India : the spread of farming from the Fertile Crescent to North-Western Europe (-7000/-3000 BCE) • Items attesting the use of horses in combat. No combat • Archeologic attestation of significant battles. No battles • A good reason to move from the homeland : the demographic rise occasioned by agriculture. • A highly hierarchized society allowing the constitution of a warrior caste. No hierarchized society needed.

  15. Model II: Neolithic Dispersal Theory : principles • Hunter-Gatherers : 10km² = 1 people. One side = 3,3km. 30 people = 30 x 10 = 300km². One side = 17km • Farming : 1km² = 10 people. 300km² = 3000 people Objections : • Many PIE roots are connected with farming. Renfrew’s urvolk did not know farming originally • No IE toponymy in the Near-East. • No correlation between the alleged migrations and the languages phylogeny *aretrom (plough): aratrum, arazr, ardhr (VI), arklas (Lit), ralo (Pl) *gwrawon (millstone): yugam (Sk), breo (Br.), kvern (Is), zrunuvi (OS) *yugom (yoke): yugam (Sk), igo (OS), juk (Got), ieo (Br), yukan (Hit).

  16. Model III: Palaeolithic Continuity Theory • Theoretician : Mario Alinei 1990 • Homeland : Refugees in Ice Age Europe (Spain, Balkans, Ukraine) • Date : 20 000 BCE • Expansion Mode : No expansion • Objection : - Where do the substrata languages (Iberian, Basque, Etruscan, Minoan, etc.) come from ?

  17. Summary • I- Invasionist : 3000 BCE in Ukraine, military conquest of Europe and Asia (Kossinna – Gimbutas) • II- Neolithic Dispersal Theory: 6000 BCE in the Near East, pacific spread of farmers (Renfrew) • III- Palaeolithic Continuity Theory : 20 000 BCE in Europe, without migration.

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