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Understanding Matter: Characteristics, Properties, and Transformations in Chemistry

This resource explores the fundamental aspects of chemistry, focusing on matter's characteristics, composition, and transformations. Learn about the different properties of matter, distinguish between physical and chemical changes, and understand mixtures and pure substances. It delves into Dalton's Atomic Theory, defining atoms, elements, and compounds. The conservation of mass and laws of chemical changes are also covered, along with a brief overview of the periodic table. Essential for students seeking to grasp basic chemical principles and the nature of matter.

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Understanding Matter: Characteristics, Properties, and Transformations in Chemistry

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  1. Text book resources • http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/class/cls112693

  2. What is Chemistry ? • Study the Characteristics, Composition, and Transformation of MATTER What is MATTER? has MASS and VOLUME

  3. Properties of MATTER ? • Physical Properties: Color, mass, volume, hardness, Physical States of Water: (S, L, G), bp, mp • Chemical Properties: reactivity, thermal stability Intensive vs. extensive properties: relation with sample size

  4. 0 Which one of the following is an extensive property of matter? 1) density 2) specific gravity 3)electrical conductivity 4) refractive index 5) mass

  5. MATTER Transformation • Physical Change: Change of physical states: Solid to liquid • Chemical Change: Change of composition or (identity): Decomposition, reaction with other compounds

  6. 0 Which one of the following is a chemical change? 1) when a blood stain is washed with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, it changes color 2) when a solid stick of butter is heated, it becomes a liquid 3) when blue paint is mixed with yellow paint, a green color is obtained 4) when a bar of gold metal is pounded with a hammer, it flattens out

  7. MATTER Classification • Pure substance, has only one chemical identity • Mixtures: many Pure substances mixed. Can be separated into Pure substance by physical change: --Heterogeneous mixtures, two or more phases: solids/liquids mixtures, --Homogeneous mixtures, -one phase solutions, gases mixtures Matter relations

  8. Pure Substances • Elements: one kind particle, unbreakable through chemical change: 117 elements found: iron, cupper, gold • Compounds: two or more different kinds of particles can be broken into elements through chemical change: sodium chloride

  9. Chemical Symbols • Each element has a symbol for its atom: H-Hydrogen Na-Sodium N-Nitrogen Ca-Calcium O-Oxygen Cl-Chlorine

  10. Laws of Chemical Changes • Conservation of MASS 2A + 2B 2AB Mass before = Mass after (reactants) (products) • Definite Proportion: in compound AB, Mass of A Mass of B Constant

  11. What is MATTER Made of ? small particles ATOMS

  12. Dalton’s Atomic Theory • MATTER consists of tiny particles called Atoms • Atoms are indestructible • Atoms of one element has identical MASS and other properties • Atoms of different elements has different mass and properties • Atoms can form compounds in a fixed numerical ratio

  13. + Atomic Aspects of Chemical Reactions • Chemical reaction is a process which atoms separate or unite, no atoms are destroyed or created • 2A + 2B 2AB • Atomic ratio: A:B=1:1 • Mass ratio: mA:mB = Constant

  14. Law of Multiple Proportions • Element A and B can form two or more kinds compounds: e.g. AB, or AB2, AB3 • A + BAB • A + 2BAB2 • A + 3BAB3 • For the same amount of A, the mass of B in the three compounds would be: 1:2:3

  15. Physical States of Water wps.prenhall.com/.../165/169061/blb9ch0102.html

  16. Multiple Proportions sulfur sulfur dioxide trioxide Mass S 32.06 g 32.06 g Mass O 32.00 g 48.00 g

  17. Modern Periodic Table

  18. Review questions • Identify physical change vs. chemical change: ice melts, coal burns • Identify chemical property vs. physical property, grass is green, grass burned to ash • How small are atoms compare to your computer? • How many elements are in nature?

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