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Equivalence in translation according to Koller’s theory

Dr.Askarzadeh Presented By: Seyyed Reza Fatemi. Equivalence in translation according to Koller’s theory. biography.

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Equivalence in translation according to Koller’s theory

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  1. Dr.Askarzadeh Presented By: Seyyed Reza Fatemi Equivalence in translation according to Koller’s theory

  2. biography • Koller was born in Glonn in Bavaria. He enlisted in the army in 1914 and, after infantry service, transferred to aviation. He passed pilot training in 1916 and flew in observation and fighter squadrons, being captured by the British in May 1918. Following release in 1919 he served in various police capacities, shifting to the Luftwaffe in 1935. An exemplary officer, in 1936 Koller graduated valedictorian at the Air War Academy. He was the Chief of Staff for Hugo Sperrle during the Blitz.

  3. For Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom by the Wehrmacht, Oberstleutnant Koller was to serve as the Operations Officer of Luftflotte 3, in coordination with the German 9th Army. Koller became the Chef der Luftwaffenführungsstabes ("Chief of the Luftwaffe Operations Staff") in October 1943, which essentially made him as assistant to the General Staff.

  4. Post War • After the war ended, Koller was imprisoned by the British at Oxford; Charles Lindbergh visited him during this time. Koller was released in December 1947 and returned to Bavaria. In 1949 he published his wartime shorthand diary as the memoirDerletzteMonat (The Last Month, Mannheim), which provided information about Hitler's last days during the Battle of Berlin. Koller also served as the chairman of the VerbandDeutscherSoldaten in Bayern. He died in his hometown of Glonn.

  5. There are many theorists who had worked on EQUIVALENCE such as: • (Jakobson /Nida /Newmark/Koller) • Each one considers some aspects of equivalence in translation • 1. Jakobson:‘On linguistic aspects of translation’ (1959) distinguishes: • Intralingualtranslation, rewording (‘interpretation of verbal signs through other signs in the same language’), paraphrase; • Interlingual: interpretation of verbal signs through some other language. ‘The translator recodes and transmits messages received from another source. Thus translation involves 2 equivalent messages in 2 different codes’. • Intersemiotic: transmutation, interpretation of verbal signs through non-verbal sign system: novel >film, poem >music, etc.

  6. Nida also distinguish 2different typs: • Dynamic: based on what he calls equivalent effect, where 'the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message,T-Text and T-Culture oriented; the foreignness of ST is minimized. • WHEREAS ‘Formal equivalence focuses all the attention on the message itself, in both form and content... One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. … ‘

  7. PETER NEWMARK: semantic and communicative’. • Communicative translation: ( Nida’s dynamic ). To produce on the T reader an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. • Semantic translation : (Nida’s formal). Attempts to render, as closely as semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact meaning of the original. NOT literal: it ‘respects context’, interprets, explains (e.g. metaphors)

  8. One of these theorists in translation, maybe the anonymous one was Werner Koller. • Koller worked extensively on the concept of equivalence and the related concept of correspondence, where correspondence relates to the more abstract concept of langue/linguistic systems and equivalence to concrete parole/ST-TT pairs and contexts. Koller describes five levels of equivalence, namely denotative, connotative, text-normative, pragmatic and formal equivalence (the latter term is used differently from Nida's formal equivalence, however). From this basis he suggests that translators first need to analyze the ST, then develop priorities for the translation work to be undertaken ('hierarchy of equivalence requirements') depending on the communicative context.

  9. Theories of Koller about Equivalence • Correspondence: ('langue', 'competence‘(: • within CA of two language systems • formal similarities and differences • PROBLEMS: • false friends, signs of lexical, morphological & syntactic interference • Equivalence: ('parole', 'performance‘(: • equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts • Competence in the foreign language: • Knowledge of (formal) correspondences • Competence in transaltion: • knowledge / ability in equivalences

  10. Koller basically concerned with Equivalence (Parole). But what /which/where/what level? • Sees equivalence as process constrained by text’s DOUBLE LINKAGE: to ST & TT: • a) potentially conflicting SL/TL linguistic factors, textual & extra-textual, • b) communicative conditions on receiver’s side: historical-cultural conditions in which texts & their translations are produced / received.

  11. Koller: Types of Equivalence • DENOTATIVE:referential equivalence: when SL /TL words refer to exactly same thing in real world or SL form replaced by TL form referring basically to same ‘thing’: something like ‘physically inviting’. • - extralinguistic content, 'content invariance' • تعادل مصداقی(denotative equivalence)  به تعادل برون بافتیِ زبان شناختی ربط دارد و در سایر جاها آن را content invariance می نامند. • e.g. from Munday & Hatim, 50-51: ‘I had wanted for years to get Mrs Thatcher in front of my camera. As she got more powerful she got sort of sexier’. (Newsweek) TL= Arabic.

  12. CONNOTATIVE:SL/TL triggering same associations: Koran, coffee, summer’s day, ‘river’ (Hoffman, Lost in Translation).‘attractive’ in Arabic partly satisfactory, but semantically conveys physical ‘gravity’. according to the above example • lexical choices (e.g. in near synonyms), • 'stylistic equivalence' • تعادل ضمنی (connotative equivalence) به انتخاب واژه ها مخصوصا بین دو مترادف نزدیک ربط دارد کولر آن را در جایی دیگر تعادل سبکی می نامد

  13. TEXT-FORMATIVE:Text norms go beyond connotations, to sort of language right in that sort of text., attitude, etc.. Perhaps, then, we should jettison ‘sexy’ completely, and modify sexual attractiveness to ‘attractive femininity’, perhaps glossing with ‘so to speak’, ‘for want of a better word’. according to the example the first part above • related to text types, (cf. K. Reiss) • تعادل متن – هنجاری (text – normative) به انواع مختلف متن مربوط است که به شیوه های مختلف عمل می کند که به کار کاترینا رایس ربط می یابد.

  14. PRAGMATIC:when translation aimed to have same effect on respective readers: (Newmark’s communicative, Nida’s dynamic). (e.g: ‘beware of the dog’) • 'communicative equivalence' • oriented to the receiver of the text message • Nida's 'dynamic equivalence' • تعادل منظورشناختی (pragmatic equivalence) تعادل ارتباطی که به گیرنده متن یا پیام توجه دارد مثل تعادل دینامیک نایدا

  15. FORMAL :In purest form, the rare case in which SL/TL signifiers happen to have same orthography or phonology: caffé French /Italian, coffee in English. More generally, equivalence of form/aesthetics, word-play. S.t. called ‘expressive equivalence’ (expressive form of lang.). Nida’sformal, Newmark’ssemantic. • related to the form and aesthetics of the text • stylistic features • 'expressive equivalence' • تعادل صوری – زبانشناختی (formal equivalence) به شکل و زیبایی شناختی متن مربوطه مثل بازی با کلمات و ویژگی های سبکی متن مبدا. در جایی دیگر آن را expressive equivalence  می نامند

  16. Some points about Koller's theory in translation • Koller presented translational equivalence as an argument against theories of general untranslatability (cf. all-embracing debates about linguistic relativity or language universals). • Since translational equivalence was seen as existing on the level of translation as language use (parole), it was not reducible to formal correspondences or differences between language systems.

  17. The theories that were so lost in language systems that they failed to see the actual pragmatics of translation .

  18. Pragmatic equivalence • This was early in March. During the next three months there was muchsecret activity. این واقعه در اوایل ماه مارس اتفاق افتاد.تا سه ماه فعالیت های پنهانی زیادی در جریان بود. (ترجمه امیر شاهی ص 15 پاراگراف دوم) اوایل ماه مارس بود. طی سه ماه بعد فعالیتهای زیرزمینی بسیاری صورت گرفت. (ترجمه صالح حسینی ص 18 پاراگراف دوم) نکته: صالح حسینی بجای secret activity از تعادل منظورشناختی استفاده کرده است.

  19. Pragmatic equivalence • The birds jumped on to their perches, the animalssettled down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. • پرندگان بر شاخه ها و چرندگان روی کاه جای گرفتندو در لحظه یی، تمام مزرعه را سکوت فرا گرفت. • (ترجمه امیر شاهی ص 14 پاراگراف دوم) • همگی از پرنده و چرنده،رو به اسایشگاه خودپا به دو گذاشتند. پرندگان به لانه های خود پریدند و حیواناتتوی کاه وکلش جا گرفتند ودر یک آن، بنی حیوانی در مزرعه نبود که نخوابیده باشد. • (ترجمه صالح حسینی ص 17پاراگراف دوم) • نکته: امیر شاهی از تعادل منظور شناختی در ترجمه جمله مشخص شده بهره برده است.

  20. Pragmatic equivalence • In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week. • در سرزمین شیر وعسل هر هفت روز هفته، یکشنبه است. • (ترجمه امیر شاهی ص17پاراگراف سوم) • در کوه پر از شهد و شکر هفت روز هفته جمعه است. (ترجمه صالح حسینی ص21پاراگراف اول) نکته :در جمله انگلیسی (متن اصلی) منظور از Sundayهمان تعطیل بودن یعنی تعادل منظور شناختی است اما هر دو مترجم به این اصل اشاره نکرده اند و این تعادل را رعایت ننموده اند.

  21. Pragmatic equivalence • Theanimals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be.Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure. • حیوانات چنان خوشحال بودند که هرگز تصورش را نکرده بودند.هر تکه یی از اذوقه به انها لذتی مخصوص می داد. • (ترجمه امیر شاهی ص26پاراگراف دوم) • حیوانات با دمشان گردو می شکستند، چون امکان خوشبختی در تصورشان هم نمی گنجید. هر لقمه غذا به دهانشان بسیار مزه می داد. • (ترجمه صالح حسینی ص31پاراگراف دوم) • نکته:در ترجمه آقای صالح حسینی از اصل تعادل منظور شناختی در ترجمه استفاده کرده که منظور خوشحالی فراوان است.

  22. References: • Introducing translation Studies ,Jeremy munday ,chapter 3. • En.Wikipedia.org • http://www.listphile.com/Translation_Theory_Glossary/Koller. • http://www.hf.uib.no/i/germanistisk/Koller.html

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