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History of Israel: from the Destruction of the Temple in AD 70 to the Modern State of Israel

History of Israel: from the Destruction of the Temple in AD 70 to the Modern State of Israel. Roman Era: The Three Jewish Revolts. In AD 66, the Jews rebel against Rome, led by a group called the Zealots. These Jews are unsuccessful.

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History of Israel: from the Destruction of the Temple in AD 70 to the Modern State of Israel

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  1. History of Israel: from the Destruction of the Temple in AD 70 to the Modern State of Israel

  2. Roman Era: The Three Jewish Revolts • In AD 66, the Jews rebel against Rome, led by a group called the Zealots. These Jews are unsuccessful. • The Jerusalem Temple is completely destroyed, just as Jesus had prophesied (Matt 24:1-2). • In AD 115-117, a second rebellion occurs as Jews throughout the eastern Roman empire (though not in Judea itself) slaughter Roman garrisons and burn cities to the ground (including Alexandria, Egypt). The Jewish leaders of this revolt are eventually all captured and executed.

  3. Roman Era: The Three Jewish Revolts • In AD 132-135, a third rebellion was led by Simon bar Kochba, who claimed to be the Messiah. This rebellion also failed, with half a million Jews slaughtered and the rest deported from Judea. Prior to this war, there was still fellowship between Christian and non-Christian Jews. But because the Christian Jews refused to join Bar Kochba, the non-Christian Jews completely disassociated themselves from Christian Jews, which continues to this day.

  4. Masada – The Last Fortress Romans built 100 ft. high ramp to reach Zealot forces, but found they had all com-mitted suicide.

  5. Roman Era – After the Revolts • Following the Third Jewish Revolt, the emperor Hadrian rebuilt Jerusalem as a Roman city, and called it AeliaCapitolina. Jews were forbidden to enter it. Many Jews were solid in slavery; others fled to other countries. • However, Jews remained throughout the rest of Israel, especially in the Galilee. Over the next centuries, the second Jewish Scripture, the Talmud, was written.

  6. Roman Era -- Constantine • In the fourth century, emperor Constantine became a Christian and made Christianity a legal religion (for the first time in Roman history); he changed Jerusalem back to its original name and turned it into a Christian city, sending his mother Helena to find Christian holy sites, with many churches being built. This opened the door for many Christian pilgrims to travel to Israel. Monasticism also spread throughout the land.

  7. Byzantine Era • In 390, the Roman emperor split into a western and eastern half, with the eastern half renamed the Byzantine Empire. This was a period of peace in Israel. • In 614, an invading Persian army massacred many Christians in Israel. They were eventually driven off by the Byzantines in 628. This same year, Mohammed conquered Mecca, beginning what would become a new era for much of the Middle East, including Israel.

  8. Muslim Control of Israel • In 638, six years after Mohammed’s death, the army of his successor Omar defeated the Byzantines at the Yarmuk river in modern-day Syria; this resulted in Israel becoming controlled by the Arabs. • The Muslims believe that Abraham is their father (through his son Ishmael), that Abraham almost sacrificed Ishmael (not Isaac) on Mount Moriah (the same place where the Jewish Temple was built), that Mohammed ascended to Heaven on his Night Journey from this same rock (where he met Adam, Jesus, John the Baptist, Joseph, Enoch, Aaron and Moses, and Abraham). In honor of this, the Muslims built the Dome of the Rock (691) and the El-Aqsa Mosque (705)

  9. Muslim Control of Israel • For more than 200 years, Christian pilgrims were permitted to travel to Israel. This ended in 1009 when El-Hakim began persecuting all non-Muslims and destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. • In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by the Seljuk Turks (who were also Muslim); they forbid any Christians from entering Jerusalem.

  10. Muslim Control of Israel • This act led to the first of a series of Crusades by European Christians, in an attempt to recapture Jerusalem and other holy sites in Jerusalem. They succeed in 1099 and established a Christian Kingdom. During this conquest, many Jews and Muslims were killed or sold into slavery. • Under Saladin, a Kurdish Muslim ruler, Jerusalem falls in 1187. Gradually one Crusader outpost after another falls, with the final Crusaders being driven out of Israel in 1291.

  11. Muslim Control of Israel • Saladin’s court physician was the great Jewish rabbi Maimonides; modern-day Judaism owes more to the writings of Maimonides than any other rabbi since the first century. • In 1260, the Egyptian Mamluks conquered Israel • In 1517, the Ottomon Turks conquered Israel.

  12. Birth of Zionism • During the 19th century, non-Muslim powers (such as England, France, Prussia and Russia) began to get involved in Israel; at one point, Britain helped the Turks regain Israel from the Egyptians. • At the same time, as anti-Semitism in Russia and eastern Europe increased, so did Jewish immigration to Israel.

  13. Birth of Zionism • This began the development of a unified Jewish national movement. In 1839, the British Jew Sir Moses Montefiore first proposed the creation of a Jewish state. This culminated in 1896 with Theodor Herzl’s (an Austrian-Hungarian Jewish journalist) publication of DerJudenstat (The Jewish State) which led to the formation of the World Zionist Organization (headed by Herzl) with the stated aim: “to create for the Jewish people a home in Palestine.”

  14. Birth of Zionism • During World War I, the British took Jerusalem. Even though the Arabs had fought with the British, and expected to get Palestine (Israel) in return, the British instead published the Balfour Declaration of 1917 which declared: “His Majesty’s government favourably views the creation of a national Jewish home in Palestine.” Following WWI, Palestine became a British protectorate under the League of Nations.

  15. Birth of Zionism • The British also created the independent country of Jordan, which included the land to the east of the Jordan River, and what is now known as the West Bank, including Jerusalem.

  16. United Nations Partition Plan • Brown: Jewish State • Yellow: Arab State

  17. Birth of Zionism • At the time of World War I, there were about 500,000 Palestinian Arabs and 85,000 Jews. In the next 20 years, another 250,000 Jews emigrated to Israel. This increased tensions between the two groups. • This also created difficulties for the British in governing the territory. Consequently, in 1937, they proposed partitioning the country, giving half to the Jews and half to the Palestinians. The Jews agreed; the Palestinians refused, claiming the Jewish portion contained the most fertile lands.

  18. Birth of Zionism • In 1947, following World War II, the British placed the “Palestine question” before the newly-formed United Nations. The UN voted that the country be partitioned between the Jews and Arabs; Britain announced they would pull out of Israel on May 15, 1948, and leave the Arabs and Jews to fight for themselves.

  19. War of Independence (1948) • Immediately, both sides began launching attacks on each other. When the British left, full-scale war broke out, with Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt launching a combined attack with the purpose of ridding the country of all Jews. • Britain and Russia supported the Jews; America did not. (America would not support Israel until 1966.) • Against all odds, the Jews were victorious. In addition, whereas they had owned less than seven percent of Palestine before the war, they controlled 80% by the end. As a result, 726,000 Palestinians became refugees in neighboring Arab countries, including the Egyptian controlled Gaza Strip and the Jordanian-held West Bank.

  20. War of Independence (1948) • However, neither side completely controlled Jerusalem; the Jews held half of the New City (West Jerusalem) and the Arabs held the Old City and the other half of the New City (East Jerusalem). It would remain this way for another 20 years. • The Jewish state passed the Law of Return, granting every Jew in the world the right to live in Israel. In the next decade, 1.2 million Jews immigrated to Israel; many of whom had no money or possessions.

  21. Israel following the 1948 War

  22. Six-Day War (1967) • Concerned with the build-up of Egyptian forces on their southern border, and Egyptian president Nasser’s promise to “destroy Israel,” Israel launched a preemptive attack on Egypt. On the first day of battle, they destroyed the air forces of Egypt, Jordan and Syria; within five more days, they had routed the armies of all three Arab nations. As a result of this war, they gained control of the Golan Heights (from Syria), Jerusalem and the West Bank (from Jordan) and the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip (from Egypt). These lands were occupied but not annexed. (East Jerusalem was annexed, but no other nation recognized this.)

  23. Yom Kippur War (1973) • On October 6, 1973, the Syrian and Egyptian armies launched a surprise attack on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), the holiest day of the Jewish calendar when adult Jews are required to fast. While the Syrians and Egyptians made some initial gains, they were defeated within two months.

  24. Camp David Accords • In 1978, U.S. President Jimmy Carter invited Egyptian President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Begin to meet with him at Camp David; the result was a peace treaty between the two countries. Under the treaty, the Sinai peninsula was returned to Egypt. The Arab League suspended Egypt and Sadat was assassinated three years later. Still, to this day, there is officially peace between Egypt and Israel.

  25. Lebanon War (1982) • Since 1969, members of the Palestinian Liberation Organization had been sending small groups of men to attack across the Lebanese border into Israel and randomly launching artillery strikes into northern Israeli villages. In one attack (May 1974), Palestinians attacked a school in the village of Ma’alot, holding 102 children hostage; when an Israeli special forces unit attacked the school, the terrorists turned their guns and grenades on the children, killing 22.

  26. Lebanon War (1982) • These continued attacks, along with the attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador to Britain, were used as a pretext for an Israeli invasion aimed at driving the Palestinian Liberation Organization out of the southern half of Lebanon. They were successful, occupying the Lebanese capitol of Beirut, and forcing the PLO to withdraw its forces (to Tunisia). Israeli withdrew most of its troops in 1985, the remainder in 2000.

  27. First Palestinian Intifada • An unarmed Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (1987-1993). The Palestinians largely refrained from lethal violence, instead closing businesses, refusing to show up to work, refusing to pay taxes, and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at Israeli military. The Israelis responded with lethal force (332 Palestinians to 12 Israelis killed in the first 13 months). The Palestinians did kill 1000 other Palestinians believed to be collaborating with the Israelis.

  28. Peace Accords • Oslo Peace Accords (1993) – Israeli Prime Minister Rabin and PLO leader Arafat agreed to a transfer of authority from Israel in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to an interim Palestinian Authority, as a prelude to a final treaty establishing a Palestinian state, in exchange for mutual recognition. This agreement was opposed by the Palestinian terrorist group Hamas, who wanted the complete destruction of Israel, which proceeded to launch suicide bomber attacks at Israel. Rabin was assassinated by a radical Jewish Zionist. • Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (1994)

  29. Palestinian Authority (founded 1994) • While not officially a country, the Palestinian Authority is self-governing. • Since the 2006 election in which Hamas gained control of the Gaza Strip, the Palestinian Authority (with MahmoudAbbas as president) has technically been solely composed of the West Bank. West Bank Gaza Strip

  30. 2000 Camp David Talks • In 2000, Israeli Prime Minister Rabin agreed to give 95% of the West Bank and Gaza, including East Jerusalem, as a Palestinian State. PLO leader Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal; his reasons for doing so are uncertain.

  31. Second Palestinian Intifada (2000-2005) • A second uprising, this one violent on both sides, was begun after soon-to-be prime minster Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount, an action viewed as provocative by the Palestinians. About 3000 Palestinians and 1000 Israelis were killed. • It was ended with Palestinian President Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Sharon agreed to stop all violence and renew their commitment to peace

  32. Israel West Bank Barrier • Begun during the Second Palestinian Intifada, this barrier separates the West Bank from Israel. 90% of it is a fence; 10% a wall. It is intended to protect Israeli citizens from Palestinian terrorism, including the suicide bombing attacks that increased significantly during the Second Intifada. It does severely restrict the travel of Palestinians; it was declared “contrary to international law” by the UN International Court of Justice. • Two similar barriers separate Israel from Gaza and Gaza from Egypt.

  33. Barrier at Bethlehem

  34. Israel and Palestine Today • Little change has been made since the 2006 agreement between Abbas and Sharon. There has been little violence but also little progress towards a two-state solution. • In 2010, 42% of the world’s Jewish population lived in Israel.

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