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ECE 344 Operating Systems Midterm Review Overview

Prepare for the ECE 344 Operating Systems Midterm, scheduled for February 24th. This overview covers essential topics such as architectural support for operating systems, processes, threads, synchronization, and event handling. Be prepared to demonstrate your understanding of system calls, exception handling, and memory management concepts. Study the differences between user and kernel modes, and grasp the implications of protected instructions. Ensure you familiarize yourself with process control blocks, thread management, and mutual exclusion principles to succeed.

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ECE 344 Operating Systems Midterm Review Overview

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  1. Operating SystemsECE344 Midterm review Ding Yuan

  2. Overview • The midterm • Architectural support for Oses • Processes • Threads • Synchronization Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  3. Midterm • Date: Feb 24th, 2-4 PM • Location: EX300 • Covers material through synchronization • Based upon lecture material and project • No cheat sheets • Please, do not cheat • Do not copy from your neighbor • You will be noticed • No one involved will be happy, particularly the teaching staff Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  4. Arch Support for OSes • Why OS needs Arch support? • Types of architecture support • Manipulating privileged machine state • Generating and handling events • Events: Interrupts, exceptions, system calls, etc. • Concurrency • … Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  5. Protected (privileged) Instructions • What are protected instructions? • Who gets to execute them? • How does the CPU know whether they can be executed? • Difference between user and kernel mode • Why do they need to be privileged? • What do they manipulate? • Protected control registers • Memory management • I/O devices Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  6. Q1 from midterm@2013W For each instruction below, is it a protected instruction? load instruction (read a value from memory into a register) (2 marks) (B) modify the PC register (program counter) (2 marks) (C) modify the SP register (stack pointer) (2 marks) (D) modify the register that controls kernel/user mode (2 marks) (E) direct access I/O device (2 marks) Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  7. Events • Events • Synchronous: fault (exceptions), system calls • Asynchronous: interrupts, software interrupt • What are faults, and how are they handled? • What are system calls, and how are they handled? • What are interrupts, and how are they handled? • How do I/O devices use interrupts? • Timer interrupt, why? Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  8. Processes • What is a process? • What is the difference between a process and a program? • What is contained in a process? Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  9. Process Data Structures • Process Control Blocks (PCBs) • What information does it contain? • How is it used in a context switch? • State queues • What are process states? • What is the process state graph? • When does a process change state? • How does the OS use queues to keep track of processes? Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  10. Process Manipulation • What does CreateProcess on NT do? • What does fork() on Unix do? • What does it mean for it to “return twice”? • What does exec() on Unix do? • How is it different from fork? • How are fork and exec used to implement shells? Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  11. Q4 from midterm@2013W You write a UNIX shell, but instead of calling fork() then exec() to launch a new job, you instead insert a subtle difference: the code first calls exec() and then calls fork() like the following: shell (..) { .. .. exec (cmd, args); fork(); .. .. } Does it work? What is the impact of this change to the shell, if any? (Explain) Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  12. Threads • What is a thread? • What is the difference between a thread and a process? • How are they related? • Why are threads useful? • What is the difference between user-level and kernel-level threads? • What are the advantages/disadvantages of one over another? Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  13. Q6 from midterm@2013W Assume you want to implement a web-server for YouTube by using multithreading, where each thread serves one incoming request by loading a video file from the disk. Assume the OS only provides the normal blocking read system call for disk reads, do you think user-level threads or kernel-level threads should be used? Why? Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  14. Thread Implementation • How are threads managed by the run-time system? • Thread control blocks, thread queues • What operations do threads support? • Fork, yield, sleep, etc. • What does thread_yield do? • What is a context switch? • What is the difference between non-preemptive scheduling and preemptive thread scheduling? • Voluntary and involuntary context switches Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  15. Synchronization • Why do we need synchronization? • Coordinate concurrent access to shared data structures • Coordinate thread/process execution • What can happen to shared data structures if synchronization is not used? • Race condition • Bank account example • When are resources shared? • Global variables, static objects • Heap objects Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  16. Mutual Exclusion • What is mutual exclusion? • What is a critical region? • What guarantees do critical region provide? • What are the requirements of critical regions? • Mutual exclusion (safety) • Progress (liveness) • Bounded waiting (no starvation: liveness) • No assumption of the CPU speed/number • What are the mechanisms for building critical regions? • Locks, semaphores, monitors, condition variables Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  17. Locks • What does Acquire do? • What does Release do? • What does it mean for Acquire/Release to be atomic? • How can locks be implemented? • Spinlocks • Disable/enable interrupts • Blocking (OS161) • How does test-and-set work? • What kind of lock does it implement? • What are the limitations of using spinlocks, interrupts? • Inefficient, interrupts turned off too long Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  18. Q7 from midterm@2013W A spin lock acquire() can be implemented with a test-and-set instruction as follows: while (test-and-set(&lock->held) == 1) ; // spin Now a new lock acquire() is implemented as follows: 1: while (1) { 2: while (lock->held > 0) 3: ; // spin 4: if (test-and-set(&lock->held) == 0) 5: return; 6: } Does it work? How does it change the behavior of the lock compared to the first implementation? Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  19. Semaphores • What is a semaphore? • What does P do? • What does V do? • How does a semaphore differ from a lock? • What is the difference between a binary semaphore and a counting semaphore? • When do threads block on semaphores? • When are they woken up again? • Using semaphores to solve synchronization problems • Readers/Writers problem • Bounded Buffers problem Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  20. Monitors • What is a monitor? • Shared data • Procedures • Synchronization • In what way does a monitor provide mutual exclusion? • To what extent is it provided? • How does a monitor differ from a semaphore? • How does a monitor differ from a lock? • What kind of support do monitors require? • Language, run-time support Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

  21. Condition Variables • What is a condition variable used for? • Coordinating the execution of threads • Not mutual exclusion • Operations • What are the semantics of Wait? • What are the semantics of Signal? • What are the semantics of Broadcast? • How are condition variables different from semaphores? Ding Yuan, ECE344 Operating Systems

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