Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

1. Carbon Master Class: 19th February 2009 Managing Carbon in the Built Environment: With Case Studies from the University of East Anglia Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5th October 2007 Keith Tovey (杜伟贤)M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv CRed Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia

2. Managing Carbon in the Built Environment: With Case Studies from the University of East Anglia • General Introduction • General Introduction • Low Energy Buildings and their Management • Biomass Gasification • Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings • Some reflections on Code for Sustainable Homes • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling

3. Evidence of Global Warming

4. Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region NASA satellite imagery الصيف الجليد في القطبالشمالي تغطية المنطقة القطبيه ناسا الصور الفضاءيه 2003 1979 تغيرالمناخاثار على الجليديه القطبيه كاب 1979 - 2003 • 20% reduction in 24 years • 20 ٪تخفيض في 24 سنوات 4 Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

5. Comparison of Oil Discoveries and Demand We need to consider alternatives to our traditional way of using energy now Energy Security issues are also of importance

6. UK Gas Production and Demand Import Gap

7. What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem? How does UK compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others? China UK Per capita Carbon Emissions 7

8. Carbon Emissions and Electricity 8

9. Electricity Generation Carbon Emission Factors Coal ~ 1.0 kg / kWh Oil ~ 0.9 kg/kWh Gas (CCGT) ~ 0.4 kg/kWh Nuclear 0.01 ~ 0.03 kg/kWh November December January February Current UK mix ~ 0.54 kg/kWh

10. Wholesale Electricity prices tend to follow Gas prices Price on 14/02/2009 5.998p/kWh

11. Electricity Generation i n selected Countries r

12. General Introduction Low Energy Buildings and their Management Biomass Gasification Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings Some reflections on Code for Sustainable Homes Managing Carbon in the Built Environment: With Case Studies from the University of East Anglia • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling 12

13. Original buildings Teaching wall Student residences Library

14. Nelson Court楼 Constable Terrace楼

15. Constable Terrace - 1993 • Four Storey Student Residence • Divided into “houses” of 10 • units each with en-suite facilities • Heat Recovery of body and cooking • heat ~ 50%. • Insulation standards exceed 2006 • standards • Small 250 W panel heaters in • individual rooms.

16. Low Energy Educational Buildings低能耗示范建筑 Nursing and Midwifery School护理与育产学院 Medical School Phase 2医学院2期 ZICER楼 Elizabeth Fry Building 伊丽莎白楼 Medical School 医学院

17. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Elizabeth Fry Binası - 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~20% of average building at time. Significantly outperforms even latest Building Regulations. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Maliyeti ~%6 daha fazla olsada, ısınma ihtiyacı zamanın ortalama binalarının ~%20’si. En son Bina Yönetmeliklerini bile büyük ölçüde aşmaktadır. Tek bir ev tipi merkezi ısıtma kazanı ile çalışmaktadır.

18. Conservation: management improvementsKoruma: yönetimde iyileştirmeler Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. Dikkatli İzleme ve Analiz, enerji tüketimini azaltabilir. .

19. Comparison with other buildings Diğer Binalarla Karşılaştırma Carbon Dioxide Performance Karbon Dioksit Performanı Energy Performance Enerji Performansı

20. Non Technical Evaluation of Elizabeth Fry Building Performance Elizabeth Fry Bina Performansının Teknik Olmayan Değerlendirmesi User Satisfaction Kullanıcı memnuniyeti thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Isıl rahatlık+%28 Hava kalitesi+%36 aydınlatma +%25 gürültü +%26 Bir Düşük Enerji binası ayrıca içinde çalışmak için de daha iyi bir yerdir. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in.

21. ZICER Building • Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. • Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005

22. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

23. The ZICER Building – • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing

24. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Incoming air into the AHU Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space

25. Operation of Main Building Filter 过滤器 Heater 加热器 Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs 空气通过空心的板层 Air enters the internal occupied space 空气进入内部使用空间

26. Space for future chilling 将来制冷的空间 The return air passes through the heat exchanger 空气回流进入热交换器 Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building 出建筑物 Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

27. Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers Fresh Air Stale Air Stale air passes through Exchanger A and heats it up before exhausting to atmosphere Fresh Air is heated by exchanger B before going into building B A 27 27

28. Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers Fresh Air Stale Air After ~ 90 seconds the flaps switch over Stale air passes through Exchanger B and heats it up before exhausting to atmosphere Fresh Air is heated by exchanger A before going into building B A 28 28

29. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat. 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量 Winter Day

30. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层也把热散发到房间内 Winter Night

31. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day 把白天聚积的热量带走。 冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器 night ventilation/ free cooling Summer night

32. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning 空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却 混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少/停止对空调的使用 Summer day

33. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57% 能源消耗（kWh/天） 原始供热方法 新供热方法

34. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings 34 34

35. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings 与其他建筑相比ZICER楼的能量需求 自然通风221508GJ 使用空调384967GJ 建造209441GJ Materials Production 材料制造 Materials Transport 材料运输 On site construction energy现场建造 Workforce Transport劳动力运输 Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy 基本功暖/供冷能耗 Functional Energy功能能耗 Refurbishment Energy改造能耗 Demolition Energy拆除能耗 28% 54% 51% 34% 29% 61%

36. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER as built recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.

37. General Introduction Low Energy Buildings and their Management Biomass Gasification Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings Some reflections on Code for Sustainable Homes Managing Carbon in the Built Environment: With Case Studies from the University of East Anglia • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling 37

38. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays

39. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Output per unit area Little difference between orientations in winter months Load factors Façade: 2% in winter ~8% in summer Roof 2% in winter 15% in summer

40. Performance of PV cells on ZICER All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation The three arrays on the façade respond differently

41. 120 150 180 210 240 Orientation relative to True North

43. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally Cells active Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 43 43 43

44. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW峰值34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient • Most use is for computers • DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient • Need an integrated approach

45. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000

46. Efficiency of PV Cells Poly-crystalline Cell Efficiency Mono-crystalline Cell Efficiency • Peak Cell efficiency is ~ 9.5%. • Average efficiency over year is 7.5% • Peak Cell efficiency is ~ 14% and close to standard test bed efficiency. • Most projections of performance use this efficiency • Average efficiency over year is 11.1% Inverter Efficiencies reduce overall system efficiencies to 10.1% and 6.73% respectively

47. Comparison of other PV Systems

48. Life Cycle Issues Life Time of cells (years)

49. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses Gas Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36% 61% Flue Losses 86% Heat Exchanger

50. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat