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HTAV. FRANCE: 1789: A Revolution of the People? 24 February 2012 Peter McPhee University of Melbourne . What was the Revolution of 1789?. Estates-General – 5 May 1789. ‘Tennis Court Oath’ – 20 June 1789. Bastille. Bastille. ‘Grande Peur’. National Assembly 4 August 1789.

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  1. HTAV FRANCE: 1789: A Revolution of the People? 24 February 2012 Peter McPhee University of Melbourne

  2. What was the Revolution of 1789?

  3. Estates-General – 5 May 1789

  4. ‘Tennis Court Oath’ – 20 June 1789

  5. Bastille Bastille

  6. ‘Grande Peur’

  7. National Assembly 4 August 1789

  8. 1. absolute monarchy → constitutional monarchy divine right → popular sovereignty • 2. privilege → civil equality in taxes, law, beliefs • 3. hierarchy of birth → merit, talent • 4. partial abolition of feudalism • ‘cahiers de doléances’

  9. Essentials of France in the eighteenth century (the ‘Ancien Régime’)

  10. Languedoc

  11. ‘les Grands’: 4,000 families at Versailles

  12. ‘hobereaux’

  13. ‘d’épée’ vs ‘de robe’ • Le Bret • by • Rigaud

  14. ‘bourgeoisie’

  15. Artisans ‘menu peuple’

  16. What were the causes of the Revolution of 1789?

  17. ‘philosophes’

  18. Diderot, 1771 • “Every century has its own characteristic spirit. The spirit of ours seems to be liberty. The first attack against superstition was violent, unchecked. Once people dared in whatever manner to attack the barrier of religion, this barrier which is the most formidable as well as the most respected, it was impossible to stop. From the time when they turned threatening looks against the heavenly majesty, they did not fail the next moment to direct them against the earthly power. The rope which holds and represses humanity is composed of two strands: one of them cannot give way without the other breaking”.

  19. Rousseau 1762 Social Contract Emile

  20. Maximilien Robespierre by Léopold Boilly, 1783

  21. Declaration of Independence 4 July 1776

  22. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. • to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” • (American Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776)

  23. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 27 August 1789 • “1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights ... • 2. ... these rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. • 3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body, or individual may exercise authority that does not expressly emanate from it.”

  24. ‘cahiers de doléances’

  25. Arthur Young in Lorraine, 12 July 1789: Walking up a long hill, to ease my mare, I was joined by a poor woman, who complained of the times, and that it was a sad country. On my demanding her reasons, she said her husband had but a morsel of land, one cow and a poor little horse, yet he had a franchar (20 kg) of wheat and three chickens to pays as a quit-rent to one Seigneur; and four franchar of oats, one chicken and 1 sous to pay to another, beside very heavy tailles and other taxes. She had seven children, and the cow's milk helped to make the soup .... It was said, at present, that something was to be doneby some great folks for such poor ones, but she did not know who or how,but God send us better, car les tailles et les droits nous écrasent. This woman, at no great distance, might have been taken for sixty or seventy, her figure was so bent, and her face so furrowed and hardened by labour; but she said she was only twenty-eight.

  26. 6 October

  27. The historians’ debate • Georges Lefebvre, Albert Soboul, George Rudé • William Doyle, Simon Schama, Peter Campbell • Norman Hampson, Sarah Maza (causes célèbres), Colin Jones

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