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Rhetorical Terms

Rhetorical Terms. AP Language and Compostion Period 2 and 3. Examples…. Sources. Definition: Substituting one word for another in order to make something sound better or less offensive then it is. Conventional Euphemism: He is differently abled. (Instead of He is crippled.)

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Rhetorical Terms

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  1. Rhetorical Terms AP Language and Compostion Period 2 and 3

  2. Examples…

  3. Sources

  4. Definition: Substituting one word for another in order to make something sound better or less offensive then it is. Conventional Euphemism: He is differently abled. (Instead of He is crippled.) A group of freedom fighters defended their homeland. (instead of A group of terrorists caused pain and death.) Definition: Intentionally using harsh language to make something sound worse than it is or to make a point. Examples: Erik is a grammar Nazi. (instead of Erik is helpful in pointing out my typing mistakes.) They’re killing us! (Instead of they are winning.) Euphemism + Dysphemism

  5. Tapinosis • Using language to attack a persons self esteem or credibility. • Sharon still picks her nose, what a moron. • Jeff, you are the most extravagantly idiotic person I have ever met, your grandma hates you.

  6. -A blatant verbal attack on someone or something. You, my friend, are incompetent and ignorant. I hate Wal-Mart, it is stupid. -A denunciation or criticism against someone or something. Kim Jong-il is a corrupt and delusional leader, he should not be in office. Controlling power hungry narcissists are the only people who want to become politicians. Invective + Diatribe

  7. Works Cited • Cummings, Dr. Susanna, “Euphemism and dysphemism.” Language and Power. Linguistics 50 – Winter 2003. University of California, Santa Barbara. 22 Jan. 2003. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • “Diatribe.” Dictionary.com. N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • Lynch, Jack. “Invective.” Jack Lynch. N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • Nordquist, Richard. “Tapinosis.” About.com. Grammar and Composition. N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

  8. Semantics • Definition: Semantics are the study of the meaning of a word or the relation between words through symbols and signs for what they represent or connect to. • Example: You are in your kitchen and you smell apple pie baking, which creates an image in your mind which makes you remember your grandmother’s house and the memories you have had there.

  9. Semantics Visual

  10. Aphorism • Definition: An aphorism is a brief statement generalizing the truth of a matter. • Examples: "If you always do what you always did, you will always get what you always got."("Moms" Mabley) “People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.”

  11. Work Cited • Howe, Denis. “Semantics.” www.dictionary.com. Random House inc.. 2007. 26 October, 2009. • Harper, Douglas. “Aphorism.” www.dictionary.com. Random house inc.. 2001. 26 October, 2009.

  12. Pedantic • Defined: An ostentatious, or showy interest and concern for the rules and structures of learning. • It often emphasizes a strict outlook on knowledge, which gives too much attention to detail. • Ex. • The lab you are working on fails to show distinguished knowledge and does not exemplify the potential which is the epitome of this course. This sentence shows a major concern for knowledge, and uses big, confusing language to illustrate this knowledge.

  13. Metonymy • The replacement of a word or concept with another that holds the same meaning. • A word that is substituted to signify a similar idea. • Ex: • The King of England rules the nation. • The Crown of England holds the power in the nation. In these sentences, “King” is replaced by “Crown.” Although the words are different, they both mean the same thing.

  14. Bibliography • Burton, Gideon. “Metonymy.” Rhetoric.byu.edu. Silva Rhetoricae. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • “Metonymy.” Dictionary.com. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • “Pedantic.” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • “Pedantic.” Wordnik.com. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

  15. What is… Figurative Language can be best defined as describing something by comparing it with something else. Some common examples include similies (“busy as a bee”), metaphors(“climbing the ladder of success”), and hyperbole(“I’m so tired, I could sleep for a year”). Figurative Language? But the most important kind of Figurative Language is… . . .

  16. …Analogy! An Analogy is often used in writing to convey points and phrases much more clearly. By definition, analogies express the similarity in two things with otherwise little resemblance. It is also known as an extended metaphor in language. Some examples include… Short:“Glove is to hand as monitor is to computer.” Long: "The stray dog was a lot like my ex-husband; it showed up whenever it wanted to, it didn't look like it had bathed in weeks, and it would disappear every time I got used to it being around. On top of that, it was always hungry, and expected me to spring for lunch."

  17. Thank You… 1. “Analogy." Webster's New World College Dictionary. LoveToKnow, n.d. Web. 26 October 2009. 2. “What is Figurative Language?” Mr.Donn.org Maxie’s A+ Award For Education Excellence. 26 October 2009. 3. “The Poetics of Robert Frost: Examples.” Frost Friends. 26 October 2009. 4. Willis, Bill. “Hyperbole.” Worsley School OnLine. 1999.

  18. Theme and Ambiguity of Language By: Kelly Scharr

  19. Theme • A message or central idea about the text or literary work.

  20. Example • “This is the main message of the book: if you advance in the direction of how you imagine your life, not how convention dictates that it should be, then you will find success on a scale undreamed through reasonable expectations” (Black).

  21. Reminder • Motif- Reoccurring word or phrases throughout the book. • Theme- Message expressed in a complete thought or sentence.

  22. Defintion • Ambiguity- A negative or positive vague expression used instead of a specific one which would be more helpful. • In more specific ambiguity of language- When a person uses words, actions, or symbols to leave opposing views and interpretation open for a purpose.

  23. Example • Background- Students get back grades for an essay. Susie always gets an A and shares the grade with another classmate John. • Susie- “I got an A!” “I only spent two hours on this it.” • John- “Cool.” John’s response can be left open for interpretation. He could either mean it as a really nice job or sarcasm because it happens all the time.

  24. Works Cited • Black, Jimmy. “The PrimaryMessage of Walden.” The Thoreau Reader. 9 Aug. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • Wheeler, Kip. “Literary Terms and Definition: A.” Dr. Wheeler’s Homepage. 26 Aug. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • Wheeler, Kip. “Literary Terms and Definition: T.” Dr. Wheeler’s Homepage. 26 Aug. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

  25. Onomatopoeia, Euphony and Caphony (the words you experience)

  26. Onomatopoeia: An onomatopoeia is a word that’s used in a sentence that imitates the sound of what it’s referring to, when read aloud. For example: “The baby chick chirped.” In this case, “chirped” is the onomatopoeia. When you read the sentence you can hear the “chirp” of the baby chick. Chirp! Chirp!

  27. Cacophony: Cacophony is when words or phrases are used that are harsh or strident. An example of this is in the poem Jabberwocky: “The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!” (Carroll)

  28. Euphony: Euphony is when words are used in a sentence that are pleasant sounding or harmonious. Example: “A gentle breeze blew the fragrant flowers and they danced through the air.”

  29. Works Cited “Cacophony.” Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009. Carroll, Lewis. “Jabberwocky.” Poem Hunter. Web. 26 October 2009. “Euphony.” The Free Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009. “Onomatopoeia.” Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009. Tenniel, John. “Jabberwocky.” Wikipedia. Web. 26 October 2009.

  30. Antecedent Definition: A word or phrase that comes before the pronoun and to which the pronoun of a sentence refers to. Ex: The people of the village were ecstatic when their YMCA opened. Yayy!

  31. Parody • Definition: The imitating of literary work to make fun of it and it is meant to be funny. Ex: Saturday Night Live, Skits such as Sarah Palin and Wayne’s World.

  32. Satire • Definition: The use of humor to criticize a work of literature, a film, a politician, and actor. It is meant to get people to think seriously of an issue. Ex: Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn, Aldous Huxley's A Brave New World and George Orwell's Animal Farm. Sarah Palin skit on SNL.

  33. Work cited • Richard Nordquist, “Satire” Grammar and Composition, 2009: 1. About.com. October 26, 2009. • Richard Nordquist, “Antecedent” Grammar and Composition 2009: 1. About.com. October 26, 2009. • Richard Nordquist. “Parody” Grammar and Composition 2009: 1. About.com. October 26, 2009.

  34. Homily • Defined: a serious sermon or speech that is meant to instruct the listener morally or spiritually. • Think church! Most church sermons can be considered homilies.

  35. Ex. “We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.” ~~excerpt from Martin Luther King Junior’s “I Have a Dream Speech”

  36. Encomium • Defined: a eulogy that glorifies or praises a person, object, event or idea

  37. Ex. "Farewell dear babe, my heart's too much content, Farewell sweet babe, the pleasure of mine eye,Farewell fair flower that for a space was lent, Then ta'en away unto eternity.  Blest babe . . ..“ ~~Anne Bradstreet, "In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being a Year and Half Old"

  38. It is important to know that an example of encomium can be an entire work (such as a whole speech) or simply one sentence. Ex. Jane Austen’s delicious wit and subtle irony make her a wonderful author who will be remembered for years to come.

  39. Works Cited • King, Martin Luther Jr. “I Have a Dream.” AmericanRhetoric.com. Online Speech Bank. 28 August 1963. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. • Nordquist, Dr. Richard. “Effectio to Gradatio.” Glossary of Rhetorical Terms. N.p. 15 Jan 2008. Web. 22 Oct. 2009 • Sewell, Christopher. “Literary Terms.” The Culture Guide Index. N.p. n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2009.

  40. Works Cited • Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. “Literary Terms and Definitions: H.” Dr. Wheeler’s Website. N.p. 25 August 2009. Web. 22 Oct. 2009

  41. Allusion and Paradox Ashleigh DeCicco

  42. Allusion[uh-loo-zhuh n] • -noun Definition: A passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication

  43. AllusionExample • In simpler terms an allusion is when someone makes a reference to something without directly coming out and saying what they are referring to. For example:

  44. Paradox[par-uh-doks] • -noun Definition: A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth

  45. Paradox Example In the book we just finished 1984 the three slogans of the party interact with the definition very well. • War is peace (This explains paradox because when you think about it first it completely contradicts itself, but when you think about it throughout the book it did keep people at peace and in their norm, so in a way it really is true.) • Freedom is Slavery ( This explains paradox because in the same way as the first it is contradictory but throughout the book as they are told they are free they are being watched at every moment and being punished if they do something that isn’t acceptable) • Ignorance is strength ( This explains paradox because throughout the book, all the people that are strong and happy are completely ignorant to what the world has become, but by doing this they don’t worry about the “pointless things” making them strong.

  46. Work cited • Dictionary.com • 1984

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