A Changing World… Again!

2. A Changing World… Again! • Until 1800, most people lived on farms in the US and Western Europe. • Economy - based on: • Farming • Making goods by hand • Trading UNTIL…. The Industrial Revolution – machines replaced hand tools in the manufacturing of goods, people left their farms to work in factories… within 100 years, many nations became industrial giants Quick video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc

3. Where it started • 1780s in Great Britain • Why there? • Britain had all the factors of production needed to shift from an agricultural to industrial society: 1. People to work 2. Natural resources – iron and coal (used to make machines and run steam engines) ** colonial empire to supply other needed materials – India provided raw cotton to supply textile mills 3. Money to invest in railroads and factories 4. Markets to sell manufactured goods Video break! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c

4. Revolution Factors in Production 1.Land– includes natural resources 2. Labor – people to do the work 3. Capital– $$ money to invest 4. Enterprise – ability to combine the other three factors and create a business or service **Entrepreneurs were necessary to get things started and keep the ball rolling

5. Cottage Industry System to Factory System Reminder • Cottage Industry System: people worked in their own homes or workshops • Factory System: The system of producing goods made on a mass scale by machines in a factory which replaced goods made by individual craftsmen.

6. Which picture shows the factory system? The cottage system?

7. EQ: What inventions sparked the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution and how did they lead to the creation of the factory system in England?

8. New Inventions: Steam Engine • James Watt – Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer • Improved by using a condenser • Key power source of the Industrial Revolution Click below to watch a steam engine (don’t watch the whole time, it gets kind of boring) • Led to an increase in the coal and iron industries http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMNrtOcZ6XQ

9. New Inventions: Steam Locomotive • Peter Cooper took James Watt’s steam engine and made the first successful steam locomotive – the Tom Thumb

10. Cotton Gin • Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 • Separated cotton fibers from seed • Improved the cleaning of raw cotton – led to an increase in cotton production which was very helpful to the textile industry • Also led to exports to Britain and a higher demand for slavery in the US

11. The Spinning Jenny • 1764 – James Hargreaves • Produced several threads at the same time • Were later powered by water and then the steam engine • Sped up the process of weaving/spinning

12. Bessemer Process • First inexpensive process for the mass production of steel • Removed impurities from the iron by blowing air through it • Allowed the manufacture of bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and large ships – triggered the growth of many other industries Mr. Weasley tells us more!! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dypdoLm4Rn8&safe=active

13. Thomas Edison • American inventor • Phonograph - used for recording sound • transmitter for the telephone speaker • improved light bulb • key elements of motion-picture apparatus • world's first industrial research laboratory Video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyso7_HetyM&safe=active

14. Alexander Graham Bell • Inventor of the telephone - 1876 • 1880 – established the Volta Laboratory – devoted to scientific discovery (don’t write the #1-4) • a metal jacket to assist patients with lung problems • conceptualized the process for producing methane gas from waste material • developed a metal detector to locate bullets in bodies, • invented an audiometer to test a person's hearing • He also continued to promote efforts to help the deaf, and in 1890, established the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf. Video 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdIXoceFgk8&safe=active Video 2 – first telephone call http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfLWtebubtY&safe=active

15. Lots and lots of inventions! • The inventions made during the Industrial Revolution totally changed business markets around the world through: • the improvement of productivity : • making things faster • transporting things faster • selling more stuff! • Quick recap of some important inventions (with a few extra added in) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpwaVqTFteo&safe=active

16. Quick Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKJqeJ48CPs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9ID_A1ixUk EQ: How were the arts of photography and cinema both evidence and a reflection of the Industrial Revolution? Cinema and Photography

17. EQ: In what ways did the factory system change the face of labor in England?

18. Population Growth • Between 1800 and 1850 – population of cities in Europe and the US grew very quickly… workers needed to live closer to factories and mills • During this time, changes in farming meant that fewer workers were needed – available jobs caused displaced farmers to flock to Industrial cities (pull factor) • Machines made production faster, so a large number of unskilled workers were needed to operate them

19. Urbanization • EQ: How did industrialization change the cities of England?

20. Canals • Canal - An artificial waterway or artificially improved river used for travel, shipping, or irrigation. – usually cuts travel time immensly • Advantages: • manufacturers could ship more products at a time • could ship products more quickly and to more remote places • As early as the 1830s railroads had begun to take the place of canals as important transportation routes around the world Click below to see how most canals work! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfWyBz5bHj8&safe=active

21. Railroads • Railroads were introduced in Great Britain • Railroad video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8lX5A2q-Eo&safe=active

22. Industrial Cities ** London’s population grew from 1 million in 1800 to 2.5 million in 1850…. WOW • To accommodate these large populations, cheap housing was built and factories sprang up everywhere to employ workers for low wages and continue to increase production

23. So. Many. People. • Living conditions were terrible for workers • They gathered in poor, crowded neighborhoods near their work called slums • Tenements – 5 and 6 story wooded apartment buildings (usually with 2 rooms)

24. What it was like Problems: • poor design • landlord neglect • structure of old buildings • little government intervention These problems led to very hazardous living conditions in these tenements: • Inadequate garbage pickup – tenants dumped their garbage into the shafts/alleys between apartments. • little fresh air - the smell was horrendous - sewage would flow openly in gutters and threatened to spread diseases • Diseasessuch as cholera and typhus were very common Cholera explained: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGDEqcJ1skE&safe=active

25. The Working Class Although cities offered work, it paid poorly, was dangerous, and the days were long and hard Factories had: Extreme temps A lack of fresh air – dust often sickened workers Dangerous working conditions Work was 12-16 hours a day Women were paid 50% less than men

26. Working Conditions

27. The following passage from The Pickwick Papers anticipates Dickens’s lifelong concern with the effects of industrialization on English society. It was quite dark when Mr. Pickwick roused himself sufficiently to look out of the window. The straggling cottages by the roadside, the dingy hue of every object visible, the murky atmosphere, the paths of cinders and brick-dust, the deep-red glow of furnace fires in the distance, the volumes of dense smoke issuing heavily forth from high toppling chimneys, blackening and obscuring everything around; the glare of distant lights, the ponderous wagons which toiled along the road, laden with clashing rods of iron, or piled with heavy goods — all betokened their rapid approach to the great working town of Birmingham. As they rattled through the narrow thoroughfares leading to the heart of the turmoil, the sights and sounds of earnest occupation struck more forcibly on the senses. The streets were thronged with working people. The hum of labour resounded from every house; lights gleamed from the long casement windows in the attic storeys, and the whirl of wheels and noise of machinery shook the trembling walls. The fires, whose lurid, sullen light had been visible for miles, blazed fiercely up, in the great works and factories of the town. The din of hammers, the rushing of steam, and the heavy clanking of engines was the harsh music which arose from every quarter. [632-33]

28. The New Middle Class • Middle class prior to IR – craftsman, merchants, shop owners, professionals (doctors, lawyers) • The Industrial Revolution created new members of the middle class: • Men who provided $$ for new factories • Men who managed new businesses • Families lived in working class neighborhoods in well-built homes (much nicer than slums) • Women stayed home, managed children and servants, and took care of the home (they did not need to work in factories)

29. Note Break!! Letter to the Editor 1) Imagine you are living in a new industrial city. Plan a letter to the editor demanding that living conditions be improved for the working poor. 2) Write a letter with at least 3 changes that need to be made – explainwhy the changes need to be made and how they will improve living conditions. Things to include: Valid date SFI !!! Specific Factual Information **1 page minimum

30. Child Labor • Workdays -10 to 14 hours with few breaks • little to no pay • Often employed orphaned children • Factories were very dangerous places leading to injuries and even deaths.

31. Child Labor • Machinery often ran so quickly that little fingers, arms and legs could easily get caught (machines were designed to be run by children) • factories put out fumes and toxins – disease and illness Interview with a child factory worker: • http://teachers.parkhill.k12.mo.us/HillJ/A%20Christmas%20Carol/Eliza_Marshall.htm

32. “Oliver Twist” can be read as a textbook of Victorian child abuse and a social document about early Victorian slum life. The evening arrived; the boys took their places. The master, in his cook’s uniform, stationed himself at the copper; his pauper assistants ranged themselves behind him; the gruel was served out; and a long grace was said over the short commons. The gruel disappeared; the boys whispered each other, and winked at Oliver; while his next neighbours nudged him. Child as he was, he was desperate with hunger, and reckless with misery. He rose from the table; and advancing to the master, basin and spoon in hand, said: somewhat alarmed at his own temerity: ‘Please, sir, I want some more.’ [15] Some houses which had become insecure from age and decay, were prevented from falling into the street, by huge beams of wood reared against the walls, and firmly planted in the road; but even these crazy dens seemed to have been selected as the nightly haunts of some houseless wretches, for many of the rough boards which supplied the place of door and window, were wrenched from their position, to afford an aperture wide enough for the passage of a human body. The kennel was stagnant and filthy. The very rats, which here and there lay putrefying in its rottenness, were hideous with famine. (Ch. 5, 44)

37. Child Labor

39. Child Labor: Primary Sources Click below to watch a video on child labor in Industrial England • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=87eVOpbcoVo Photos for E Period project • http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/

40. EQ: What were the environmental consequences of urbanization and industrialization? • Pollution – from factories and people – acid rain, water, air • Depletion of raw materials and resources – coal, forests • Diseases – unsanitary conditions

41. EQ: How did the IR spark the rise of capitalism and what are the main characteristics of that economic system?

42. What is Capitalism? • The underlying theme of capitalism is the use of wealth to create more wealth. In the case of a single owner of an industrial enterprise (such as a factory), the system reveals a characteristic distinction. All the profits go to one man, though many others share the work. Full-scale capitalism results in an inevitable divide between employer and employed, or capital and labor.

43. Capitalism • Capitalism – economic system in which production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is privately owned with the goal of making profit in a market economy. • Competition - rivalry in supplying or acquiring an economic service or good • Crash course! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3u4EFTwprM • (stop at 7:50)

44. Market Economy • market economy- an economy in which decisions regarding investment , production and distribution are based on supply and demand • prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system **The great thing about the free market system is that prices and quantities tend to move toward equilibrium and, for the most part, keep the market stable.

45. Supply and Demand • supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. • in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers will equal the quantity supplied by producers (equilibrium)

46. Laws of Supply and Demand • If demand increases and supply remains unchanged, a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price. • If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price. • If demand remains unchanged and supply increases, a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price. • If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases, a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price.

47. EQ: How did the economic conflict created by the rise of capitalism affect society?

48. Laissez-Faire Economics (you remember that!) • In the early 1800s the middle-class owners of railroads, factories, and mines began supporting laissez-faire. They believed that freedom from government controls would mean a growing economy with material progress for all people. Remember him?!

49. Low Wages and Unhappy People • Profit making without profit sharing – seed of discontent planted among lower class (low wages) because factory owner were so greedy