In UK, an observational investigation on vitamin D and COVID-19 risk for Medical Research – Pubrica

1. In UK, An Observational InvestigationOnVitaminD and COVID-19 Risk For MedicalResearch AnAcademicpresentationby Dr.Nancy Agnes,Head,TechnicalOperations,Pubrica Group:www.pubrica.com Email:sales@pubrica.com

2. TODAY'SDISCUSSION Choiceof25OHDgeneticinstruments PrimaryMRAnalysis Discussion Conclusion

3. According to an increasing body of evidence, original medical researchfor vitamin D insufficiency has been linked to an increased vulnerability to viral and bacterial respiratoryinfections. Similarfindingshaverecentlybeenpublishedfor COVID-19:researchersdiscoveredasignificant associationbetweenvitaminDinsufficiencyandCOVID- 19riskbyanalyzingpublicallyavailablepatientdata. Furthermore,datasuggeststhatCOVID-19affectsblack and minority ethnic people disproportionately, with one possible explanation being a higher frequency of vitamin Ddeficiency,among otherrisk factors. Contd...

4. As a result, it's thought that having enough vitamin D can help minimize the danger of catching the SARS- CoV-2 virus, as well as the likelihood of severe or fatal COVID-19disease. This original research articleaimed to look at the link betweenvitaminDandCOVID-19riskandoutcomes. Logicalregressionwasusedinthe417,342UK D participantstofindrelationshipsbetweenvitamin factorsandCOVID-19(riskofinfection,hospitalization, andmortality). Contd...

5. MendelianRandomization(MR)experimentsusingthe as geneticvariationsassociatedwithserum25OHD instrumental variables have been conducted to investigate thecausative role of vitamin Din COVID-19 risk. It has been demonstrated that a genetic tendency to low vitamin Dlevels isnotcausallylinked toinfectionwith SARS-CoV-2or severe COVID-19 illness. It is crucial to highlight that while vitamin D level has a high genetic heritability in winter, , its status may be primarily influenced by environmental factors regulating ultraviolet B (UVB)radiationexposure(suchasseasonand geographicallatitude) in summer.

6. As a result of this manuscript research article, an integrative assessment of vitamin D levels determined by genetics and ambient UVB radiation during the pandemic would provide comprehensive insight into the causative inference related to vitamin D and COVID-19risk.

8. Aresearchmanuscriptarticleuseda genome-wide association study (GWAS) to uncovergeneticvariationsthatexplain 25OHD levels, which is, to our knowledge, thebiggestpublishedGWASof25OHD levels. Importantly, this research article took into theseasoninwhichvitaminDwas measured to find genetic variations strongly linkedto25OHD levels. METHODS CHOICEOF25OHD GENETICINSTRUMENTS

9. SNPs whose influence on 25OHD level was genome-wide significant (p < 5 10-8), whose minor allele frequency was more than 1%, and with linkage disequilibrium coefficients (r2)oflessthan5%fromthelistofconditionally independent variations supplied (using the LDlink tool and theEuropean1000Genomesdataset,excludingFinnish populations). They utilized the LDlink tool to find genetic proxies in the European1000Genomesdataset(excludingFinnish populations)forSNPsthatwerenotaccessible inthe outcome GWAS or with palindromic alleles of intermediate frequency(between 42% and 58%).

10. PRIMARYMRANALYSIS The Wald ratio approach was used to determine the effect of the 25OHDlevel on COVID-19 outcomesfor each SNP. EachSNP'sresultwasexpressedas astandardizedlog- transformed25OHD level. We used the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method to estimate, and we used variant heterogeneity tests to ensure that IVW results were robust. The TwoSampleMRpackagewasusedforallele harmonizationand computations.

11. WeexaminedalinkbetweenvitaminDandCOVID-19risk andseverityinthisscientificoriginalresearchpaperby studyingacompletesetofessentialvitaminDvariables together for the first time and employing several techniques to explorethe consistencyof ourfindings. We identified a robust inverse relationship between disease severityandanintegratedambientUVBmeasurebefore diseaseonset (vitD-UVB). Since UVB radiation is low at this time of year, particularly in thehighnorthernlatitudesoftheUK,theUVBvariable's discriminatorypowerislimitedinthisstudy;nevertheless, more substantial impacts may be detected if UVB variation is moresignificant. Contd... DISCUSSION

12. We only used ambient UVB and did not account for individual behavioural characteristics that could influencevitaminDproductionintheskin,suchastheamountoftimespentoutside,thetimeof dayspent outside, clothes, etc. It's worth noting that the bestpredictor of vitD-UVBis thetime of year. To avoid bias, control dates were allocated to the same distribution as case dates, which may have artificially reduced differences in vitD-UVB between cases and controls; nevertheless, this did not affect analyses of hospitalization and mortality.

13. After controlling for confounders, the researchers observed no significantrelationshipsbetweenCOVID-19riskand measured 25-OHD levels; however, this finding is constrained by the fact that vitamin D levels were assessed on average 11 yearsbefore the pandemic. COVID-19 hospitalization and death were highly and inversely relatedto ambient UVB. Although MR sensitivity studies revealed a potential causal effect, the primary MR study did not show that genetically- predictedvitamin Dlevelswerecausallyconnectedwith COVID-19risk. Contd... CONCLUSION

14. Overall,theimpactofvitamin Dlevelsonthe likelihood or severity of COVID-19 is debatable; more research isneeded toconfirmvitamin D supplementationas astrategyofpreventing worseningCOVID-19. Pubrica supports original research article servicesfor different types of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, stroke,etc.,fororiginalmanuscriptwritingand scientificwriting services.

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