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This study explores the various processes and sites responsible for positron production in the universe. It examines contributions from phenomena such as novae, supernovae, Wolf-Rayet stars, and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. Additionally, we investigate the role of cosmic rays in the diffuse interstellar medium, and the impact of accelerators like the Sun, accreting neutron stars, and black holes. Electromagnetic cascades in pulsars and active galactic nuclei, along with cosmic events like gamma-ray bursts, are also discussed, providing insights into the significance of positrons in astrophysics.
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