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Semantic Web

Semantic Web. Social Semantic Web. Where are we?. Agenda. Motivation From Web to Web 2.0: Technical solution and illustrations Social Semantic Web : Technical solution and illustrations Extensions Large example: Semantic MediaWiki Summary References. MOTIVATION. Motivation. 5.

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Semantic Web

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  1. Semantic Web Social Semantic Web

  2. Where are we?

  3. Agenda • Motivation • From Web to Web 2.0: Technical solution and illustrations • Social Semantic Web : Technical solution and illustrations • Extensions • Large example: Semantic MediaWiki • Summary • References

  4. MOTIVATION

  5. Motivation 5

  6. Motivation (cont‘d) • File Sharing: • Flickr (Images)‏ • YouTube (Videos)‏ • Wikipedia (Online Encyclopedia)‏ • Blogs • Open Source Community (Linux)‏ • File Management • Tagging • Social Websites and Communication: • Facebook • LastFM • Skype • StudiVZ • LinkedIn, Xing • Open Systems: APIs, partly open source allow extensions by users

  7. Motivation (cont‘d) Internet platform for creation of social networks • Founded in 2004 • 64 Millionen active users • 250.000 new registrations on average per day since Jan. 2007 • More than the half of users are not any more on college • More than 65 Billion page views per month • More than the half of the users visit Facebook daily • Average Visit: 20 minutes • Estimated market value: 15 Billion Dollars

  8. Motivation (cont‘d) Wikipedia Free Online Encyclopedia • 2,214,717 Articles (english Wikipedia)‏ • 6,383,758 registered users • Clever mechanisms combined with human intelligence • High quality articles • Uncontrolled and open

  9. Motivation (cont‘d) Videoportal: free Up- and Download of Videos • Number of videos grew by 20 percent to 6.1 million in a single month • 45 Terabyte of Videos • 1.73 Billion Video Views • All users together spent 9.305 years with watching YouTube videos • Google paid 1.6 Billion Dollars for YouTube last year

  10. FROM WEB TO WEB 2.0: TECHNICAL SOLUTION AND ILLUSTRATIONS

  11. Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 • Evolution • Definition • Applications and success stories • Statistics to Web 2.0

  12. Web 2.0 Web 2.0 is a notion for a row of interactive and collaborative systems of the internet

  13. What is the web 2.0? „Definition“ by O‘Reilly Web 1.0 Web 2.0 improvement DoubleClick Google AdSense personalized Ofoto Flickr tagging, community Britannica Online Wikipedia community, free content Webseiten blogging dialogue publishing participation CMS wikis flexibility, freedom directories tagging community taxonomy folksonomy Consumers  Prosumers

  14. What is the Web 2.0? - Examples • Gmail • Google Notebooks (Collaborative Notepad in the Web)‏ • Wikis • Wikipedia • Worlds biggest encyclopedia, Top 30 web site, 100 langueges • Del.icio.us (Social Tagging for Bookmarks)‏ • Flickr (Photo Sharing and Tagging) • Blogs, RSS, Blogger.com • Programmableweb.com: 150 web-APIs

  15. Blogs • Easy usable user interfaces to update contents • Easy organization of contents • Easy usage of contents • Easy publishing of comments • Social: collaborative (single users but strongly connected)‏ 15

  16. Wikis • Wiki  invented by Ward Cunningham • Collection of HTML sites: read and edit • Most famous and biggest Wiki: Wikipedia (MediaWiki)‏ • But: Also often used in Intranets (i. e. our group)‏ • Problems solved socially instead of technically • Flexible structure • Background algorithms + human intelligence • No new technologies • social: collaborative (nobody owns contents)‏

  17. Wikis: Design Principles • Open Should a page be found to be incomplete or poorly organized, any reader can edit it as they see fit. • Incremental Pages can cite other pages, including pages that have not been written yet. • Organic The structure and text content of the site are open to editing and evolution. • Mundane A small number of (irregular) text conventions will provide access to the most useful page markup. • Universal The mechanisms of editing and organizing are the same as those of writing so that any writer is automatically an editor and organizer. • Overt The formatted (and printed) output will suggest the input required to reproduce it. Source: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples

  18. Wikis: Design Principles • Unified Page names will be drawn from a flat space so that no additional context is required to interpret them. • Precise Pages will be titled with sufficient precision to avoid most name clashes, typically by forming noun phrases. • Tolerant Interpretable (even if undesirable) behavior is preferred to error messages. • Observable Activity within the site can be watched and reviewed by any other visitor to the site. • Convergent Duplication can be discouraged or removed by finding and citing similar or related content. Source: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples

  19. Social Tagging • Idea: Enrich contents by user chosen keywords • Replace folder based structure by a organisation using tags • New: Simple user interfaces for tagging and tag based search • First steps to Semantic Web? • Technically: user interfaces • Social: collaborative (own contents, shared tags)‏

  20. Collaborative Tagging

  21. Tagging: Flickr.com

  22. User Tag Resource Tag Resource User Tag Resource Tag Resource User Tag Resource Folksonomies Data created by tagging, knowledge structures Mary tags www.wikipedia.org with wiki wikipedia encyclopedia Bob tags www.wikipedia.org with wiki web2.0 encyclopedia knowledge

  23. Folksonomies: Taxonomie Marlow et al. (2006) • Rights for Tagging • Self-tagging: Contents only tagged by owner (Technorati)‏ • Free-for-all tagging: Tagging by all users (Yahoo!)‏ • Support of Tagging • Blind Tagging: Existing Tags are not displayed (Flickr)‏ • Viewable Tagging: Existing Tags are displayed (Del.icio.us)‏ • Suggestive Tagging: Suggestions for Tags (MyWeb 2.0)‏ • Aggregation of Tags • Bag-model: Multiple entries (Del.icio.us)‏ • Set-model: Only single entries (YouTube)‏

  24. Folksonomies: Taxonomie Marlow et al. (2006) • Types of Ressources • Text vs. Others (Images, URL, Places, ...)‏ • Source of Ressources • Participant (Upcoming)‏ • System (Last.fm)‏ • Arbitrary web ressource (Del.icio.us)‏ • Connection between ressources • linked, grouped, none • Social Connections

  25. Tag Clouds Size of Tags: count of usage Browsing replaces Searching Different meaning for different users Orientation in Information Set

  26. What is the Web 2.0? Trends for Web Applications • Technical Evolution • Web User Interfaces become faster (AJAX)‏ • Desktop shifts to Web (GMail, Google Notebooks, AJAX) • Social Evolution • Collective creates additional value (Wiki, Tagging)‏ • Free contents become popular (Licenses)‏ • Attention is getting monetarized (Text-Ads)‏ • Websites with additional value by recombination (Mash-Ups, RSS)‏

  27. Intrinsic Motivation • Altruism • Value for user (Tags: organization, reusability)‏ • Acceptance in community • Affiliation to community, one common target • Autonomy • Attention • Self expression (Facebook)‏ • Social component (meet other people)‏ (Kuznetsov, 2004; Marlow et al., 2006)‏ Unternehmen machen sich dieses Potential bereits zu Nutze ...

  28. The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations James Surowiecki, 2004 Collective Wisdom • Coordination • Cooperation Basics: • Information Diversity • Freedom of opinion • Decentralizing • Aggregation

  29. Web 2.0 and Services People, Services, Technologies

  30. Web 2.0 and Services • Web 2.0 is a vaguely defined phrase referring to various topics such as social networking sites, wikis, communication tools, and folksonomies. • Tim O'Reilly provided a definition of Web 2.0 in 2006: "Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them." • Tim BL is right that all these ideas are already underlying his original web ideas, however, …

  31. Web 2.0 and Services The four major breakthroughs of Web 2.0 are: • Blurring the distinction between content consumers and content providers. • Moving from media for individuals towards media for communities. • Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers. • Integrating human and machine computing in a new way.

  32. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers: Interactive Web applications through asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)

  33. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers: Interactive Web applications through asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)

  34. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers: Weblogs or Blogs, Wikis

  35. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers: Flickr, YouTube

  36. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers: Tagging – del.icio.us, shazam.com

  37. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers: RDFA, micro formats

  38. Web 2.0 and Services • Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities: Folksomonies, FOAF

  39. Web 2.0 and Services • Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities: Community pages (friend-of-a-friend, flickr, LinkedIn, myspace, …)

  40. Web 2.0 and Services • Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities: Second Life

  41. Web 2.0 and Services • Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities: Wikipedia

  42. Web 2.0 and Services Wikipedia

  43. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers: RSS feeds

  44. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers: Yahoo pipes allow people to connect internet data sources, process them, and redirect the output.

  45. Web 2.0 and Services • Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers: Widgets, gadgets, and mashups.

  46. Web 2.0 and Services • Integrating human and machine computing in a new way: Amazon Mechanical turk

  47. Web 2.0 and Services • Integrating human and machine computing in a new way: Human computing (captchas)

  48. Web 2.0 and Services Source: www.ibm.com/ru/events/presentations/bf2006/soa_web2_0_babak.pdf

  49. SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB:TECHNICAL SOLUTION AND ILLUSTRATIONS

  50. Web 2.0 Web 3.0 Tagging • Annotation with Tags • Singular/Plural Problem • Synonyms • No Intelligence • Annotation with concepts • Inferenz (Tag „Hund“ --> Tag „Tier“)‏ Recombination of data from different sources • Mash-Ups developed earlier by programmer • Spontaneous by End User Search • Keyword Search or Tag Search finds documents • Structured Search combines Data und creates documents Period • 2004 - 2007 • 2007 – 2010 Semantic Web + Web 2.0 = Web 3.0? Based on Völkl, Vrandecic and colleagues. 50

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