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The Road to Secession: Sectional Tensions in 1850s America

The 1850s in America were fraught with tensions leading to the Civil War, marked by debates over California's statehood and threats of secession from Southern "fire-eaters." Key issues included the Underground Railroad, personal liberty laws, and the landmark Prigg v. Pennsylvania case. Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" ignited anti-slavery sentiment, while the emergence of the Republican Party and violent confrontations in "Bleeding Kansas" showcased deep national divides. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 further propelled the country toward civil conflict.

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The Road to Secession: Sectional Tensions in 1850s America

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  1. The 1850s: Road to Secession

  2. Problems of Sectional Balancein 1850 • California statehood. • Southern “fire-eaters” threateningsecession. • Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: • Personal liberty laws • Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

  3. Compromise of 1850

  4. HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

  5. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 • Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year. • 2 million in a decade!

  6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

  7. The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] • Nativists. • Anti-Catholics. • Anti-immigrants. 1849  Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

  8. 1852 Presidential Election √Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

  9. 1852Election Results

  10. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

  11. “Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians”(pro-slavery Missourians)

  12. “The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

  13. John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol buildingby John Steuart Curry (20c)

  14. Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 • Northern Whigs. • Northern Democrats. • Free-Soilers. • Know-Nothings. • Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

  15. 1856 Presidential Election √James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

  16. 1856Election Results

  17. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

  18. The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

  19. Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine PopularSovereignty?

  20. John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

  21. 1860PresidentialElection √Abraham LincolnRepublican John BellConstitutional Union Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat

  22. Republican Party Platform in 1860 • Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. • Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. • No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. • Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. • Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. • Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

  23. 1860 Election Results

  24. Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY)

  25. Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

  26. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

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