Unmanned Aircraft Systems

1. The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment L’Organisation Européenne pour l’Equipement de l’Aviation Civile Unmanned Aircraft Systems EUROCAE Activities Daniel Hawkes Chairman WG-73 Gérard Mardiné Operations Sub-Group Michael Allouche Airworthiness Sub-Group

2. This presentation provides a report on the work of EUROCAE WG-73. EUROCAE WG-73 meeting #3, January 2007 at Palm Coast, Florida in cooperation with FAA, NATO and RTCA SC-203 EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

3. The EUROCAE Organisation • Established in 1963 as a European technical forum for administrations, airlines and industry. • Prepares minimum performance specifications for airborne electronic equipment as a basis for EASA Technical Standard Orders (ETSO). • Activities now extended to include complex CNS/ATM systems including their ground segment. • EUROCAE is: • recognised by the European Commission as the unique body competent for the standardisation and interoperability required for the Single European Sky concept; and • acknowledged by ICAO which references its documents. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

4. European Aviation Safety Agency EUROCAE Working Group 73 • EUROCAE WG-73 was launched in April 2006 following earlier work by EUROCONTROL, NATO, and JAA. • As the European UAS expert group, WG-73 will work with EASA in the development of airworthiness criteria and Special Conditions to supplement EASA A-NPA-16 Policy for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Certification. • WG-73 cooperates with other bodies dealing with UAS. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

5. WG-73 Membership 130+ members EUROCONTROL provides the Chairman together with experts from its ATM, safety, security, human factors, military, legal, communications, radio spectrum, navigation, and research & development domains EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

6. WG-73 Task Leaders Subgroup #4: Small UAS Focus Group < 150kg Joseph Barnard EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

7. The Objectives • A requirements framework that will support civilian UAS airworthiness certification and operational approvals. • Safe operation within non-segregated airspace in a manner compatible with other airspace users. • Compatibility with the existing ATM regulatory framework, existing ATM infrastructures, existing procedures, and without degrading ATM efficiency. Six deliverables with a total of 31 work packages have been defined to address the objectives. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

8. 3 Command, Control, Communications, Spectrum & Security (C3SS) 1 Operations 2 Airworthiness 0 WG73 General 1.1 Classes of UAS Operations 2.1 UAS Overall Safety Objective & Airworthiness Categories 0.1 Terminology 0.2 Deliverable 2 Work Plan 1.2 UAS Operations Risk assessment 3.1 Data Aspects of Command & Control 2.3 EASA Certification Specification Tailoring Guidelines 0.3 Integration of Deliverable 3 Concept 1.3 Identify separation provision requirements 3.2 UAS Radio Spectrum Requirements 2.4 UAS Safety Objectives and criteria (“1309”) 0.4 Integration of Deliverable 4 CC & C Systems 1.4 Identify avoidance of mid-air collisions related requirements 3.3 UAS Physical Security 2.5 Sense & Avoid Airworthiness Aspects 2.6 Command & Control Airworthiness Aspects 0.5 Integration of Deliverable 5 Sense & Avoid 3.4 UAS ATM Issues 1.5 Identify other required functions & related requirements 3.5 UAS Data Link Security 2.7 Emergency Recovery 0.6 Integration of Deliverable 6 ATM Issues 2.8 Continued Airworthiness, Maintenance 1.6 Propose Complementary Regulations & Standards based on Gap Analysis 2.9 Security Features 0.7 Small UAS < 150kg 2.10 Control Station & HMI 1.7 Management Synthesis 2.11 Launch & Recovery 2.12 Automatic Take off & Landing 1.8 UAS ATM Issues Work Packages January 2008

9. Deliverables requested from WG-73 • Deliverable 1. UAS related elements regarding the Operational Concept. • A preliminary inventory of airworthiness certification and operational approval items to be addressed. • Deliverable 2. Work Plan. • Identifies work packages and timescales to guide the future activities of WG-73. Completed January 2007 Issued May 2007 EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

10. Deliverables (2) Volume 1 General Radio Spectrum Communications Security • Deliverable 3. A Concept for UAS Airworthiness Certification and Operational Approval in the Context of Non-segregated Airspace. • A document in four volumes intended to assist development of recommendations and a requirements framework for civilian UAS. Volume 2 Operations Sense & Avoid Volume 3 Airworthiness Command & Control In production Preliminary Draft: 1st quarter 2008 Issue 1: 4th quarter of 2008. Volume 4 Small UAS < 150kg EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

11. Deliverables (3) • Deliverable 4. UASCommunication,Command & Control Systems. • Requirements for communication, command & control systems including autonomous operation. • Deliverable 5. UASSense and Avoid Systems. • Functional requirements for sense and avoid systems. • Deliverable 6. ATM Compatibility Issues. • Aspects of UAS normal and abnormal operations requiring special ATM consideration. • Potential solutions to assist ATM compatibility development. Initial studies started. Now discussing with RTCA. Ongoing activity. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

12. UAS Operations Gérard Mardiné WG-73 Sub-Group #1 UAS Operations EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

13. Operational Approval • Several different types of UAS operation can be expected for which related conditions for operating approval can be published. • The group is considering definitions for up to six classes of operation: • Each related to ATM (airspace classification, flight rules, rules of the air) and UAS modes of operation; and • To offer adapted operating approval standards. • Scope will address all operational aspects, including: • Flight in non-segregated airspace, UAS crew qualification and training, UAS operator’s organisation. • Where required, UAS operating certificates can be granted to operators that demonstrate ability to comply with the operating conditions. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

14. Operational Fundamentals • Safety of UAS Operations, including safety of the other airspace users, is considered paramount: • A safety approach is being progressively defined. • Safety objectives must be proposed for safety critical functions. • The present manned aviation system, including ATM, is considered as the frame for UAS introduction: • recognising that adaptations may be needed and justified; and • that ongoing developments have to be monitored (e.g. SES / SESAR). EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

15. Operational Fundamentals (2) • A phased development of the standards is promoted consistent with the expected phased introduction of non-segregated UAS operations; • In order not to restrict or delay initial UAS operational capability because of some complex issues, for example; • Standards for UAS flight in non-segregated airspace are expected before those for UAS non-segregated aerodrome operations. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

16. Sense and Avoid • The issue is how to define the functional perimeter of a UAS physical system equivalent to the manned aircraft ‘see & avoid’principle and its rules for the purposes of traffic separation and mid-air collision avoidance. • Recognising that different notions are involved (principles, rules, functions, physical systems), the initial intent is to remain as far as possible at the functional level and to issue functional requirements or recommendations. • Compatibility with a safety approach. • Independence from technological solutions. • A reliable solution could also benefit manned aviation. • WG-73 is discussing with RTCA SC-203 how the required functionality, safety, performance, and interoperability requirements could be developed jointly with the objective of achieving a common technical standard. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

17. UAS Airworthiness Michael Allouche WG-73 Sub-Group #2 UAS Airworthiness EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

18. Airworthiness Certification • Many types of UAS could be available with a large variation in weight, size, performance, and means of control, and kinds of operation. • UAS Type Certification categories and appropriate safety objectives need to be defined with related certification requirements. • Generic Special Conditions & Interpretive materials to be proposed for specific issues: e.g. UAS Safety Assessment, Sense and Avoid, Command and Control, Control Station, Automatic Take-off & Landing. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

19. Airworthiness Certification / Work Plan Approach EASA A-NPA 16/2005 UAS Type Certification Basis Definition : (1) Select & Tailor Manned CS (2) System Safety Objectives & Criteria (3) Special Conditions (Control Station, C3 etc…) Eurocae WG-73 SG2 Work Packages Generic Airworthiness Criteria & Recommendations Relating to (1) & (2) & (3) • INPUTS / INTERFACES / COORDINATION: • SG1 & SG3 & SG4 • JAA-EUROCONTROL TF report / EASA A-NPA 16/2005 / CRD • FAA Policies • USAR/STANAG 4671 • RTCA SC 203 DO-304 & WG1 EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

21. Communications & Security Daniel Hawkes Chairman WG-73 EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

22. Command and Control • There can be a trade-off between the capacity of the flight control data link and the autonomous capability of the UA. • Security of the Command and Control link is considered mandatory (equivalent to locked cockpit door). • Means of communication and phraseology will need to be compatible with the applicable ATC environment. • Issues include: • The degree of autonomy of the UA; • Compatibility with the evolving ATM; • The capacity, integrity, redundancy and security of flight control data links; • Control station: human-machine interface, security measures; • Data synchronisation at control station handover; (normal and abnormal conditions); • Support tools for mission planning; and • Personnel training and qualification. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

23. Radio Spectrum • An ITU allocation of radio spectrum is needed for a secure Command and Control linkthat will support safe civilian UAS operation in non-segregated airspace. • WG-73 is supporting EUROCONTROL, ICAO, FAA and RTCA in a team effort to develop a technical case to bid for UAS spectrum allocation at the 2011 World Radio Conference. • For this purpose, information is being obtained about UAS communication characteristics that involve command, control, UA flight and system monitoring, and relay of air traffic communications. • The operational robustness of dedicated security measures for the link, and the impact on required frequency bandwidth, are under investigation to provide a consolidated input at WRC 2011. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

24. World Radio Conference 2007 • Resolution 421, adopted at ITU WRC 2007, states: • Necessary studies leading to technical, regulatory, and operational recommendations to the Conference, enabling that Conference to decide on appropriate allocations for the operation of UAS need to be conducted in time for WRC 2011. • And for the preliminary agenda for WRC-2015: • to consider spectrum requirements and possible allocations in the radio determination service to support the operation of UAS in non-segregated airspace. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

25. Security • WG-73 is addressing UAS security in three work packages: • Airworthiness of Security Features; • Physical Security; • Communications Security and Electronic Security. • Cooperation has been established with WG-72 Aeronautical Systems Security. • WG-73 is applying the WG-72 security management methodology to ensure consistency between the two groups. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

26. Security (2) • Wherever appropriate, existing security standards for manned aircraft are being adopted. The WG-73 security work is focused on those aspects particular to UAS. • National strategies for security of UA less than 150kg and for model aircraft are being reviewed also to provide additional context to the WG-73 work. • The intent is to propose policy, guidance, and requirements, as appropriate, to ensure an adequate level of security so that unmanned aircraft might be safely operated only by authorised personnel with a minimal risk of accidental or deliberate intrusion and disturbance. EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008

27. The information in this presentation references draft material for use by EUROCAE WG-73 and should not be regarded as statements of EUROCAE policy unless approved by the Council. • Next meeting: • WG-73 Meeting #6. • February 12th – 14th 2008 in Brussels. • Main agenda items: • EASA A-NPA 16/2005 / CRD • Progress Deliverable 3: Concept Document. Thank you for your attention The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment 102, rue Etienne Dolet, 92240-Malakoff, France Tel.: +33 1 40 92 79 30 www.EUROCAE.eu EASA Workshop: Paris, February 2008 280108