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Understanding HIV and AIDS: Safety, Transmission, Symptoms, and Prevention

This comprehensive guide provides essential information on HIV and AIDS, including safety protocols, routes of transmission, symptoms, and differentiation from other conditions. It covers airborne and blood-borne pathogens, common transmission methods, and non-transmission misconceptions. The document further explains the history of HIV, testing procedures, and major risk factors. With significant global statistics and preventive measures, this resource aims to enhance awareness and educate about the impact of these diseases and the importance of safe practices in combating their spread.

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Understanding HIV and AIDS: Safety, Transmission, Symptoms, and Prevention

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  1. HIV and AIDS Andrew De Saro, EMT-B, BS, DC, DICCP, PhC(hon)

  2. safety & Awareness • OPIM’s • PPE • All Fluids are infectious until proven otherwise • Be mindful of your surrounding

  3. Routes of transmission • Contact – most common • Direct - indirect • Droplet – coughing, talking, sneezing • Air – small particulates (TB or Varicella) • Food – Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria • Vector – fleas, mosquitoes, birds, & rodents

  4. Airborne pathogens • Influenza • 1-3 days incubation • Swine & Avian • Tuberculosis • 6 weeks to show positive • Meningitis • 2-10 days • Pertussis • avg 9-10 days (6-20) • SARS • approx 3-10 days

  5. Airborne pathogens • Measles • avg 14 days (7-21) • Mumps • 14-25 day range • Rubella • avg 14 days (12-23) • Varicella • 2-3 weeks

  6. Blood Borne Pathogens • Hepatitis – A, B, & C • HIV

  7. What is HIV? Retrovirus Incapable of Reproduction HIV to AIDS Controversy HIV vs AIDS

  8. HIV History 1st HIV case 1959 1st US HIV case 1981(CDC) 1st Time CDC uses AIDS 1982 1st FDA Approved Home Test 2002 2016: 36.7 mill have HIV worldwide 1 mill AIDS-related Illness Deaths 2017: 20.9 mill getting antiretroviral therapy (AZT or HAART)

  9. Transmission • Sexual Intercourse with infected partner • Pregnancy, Childbirth, & Breastfeeding • Sharing Needles with infected persons

  10. How HIV is NOT Transmitted Through the Air – coughing or sneezing Through Food or Water Through Sweat or Tears Sharing Cups, Plates, or Utensils Touching, Hugging, or Kissing Living with an Infected Person Sharing Clothes or Shaking Hands Sharing Toilets and Bathrooms Vectors – mosquitoes, fleas or other insects

  11. Signs and Symptoms • Fatigue • Night Sweats • Sudden Weight Loss • Reoccurring Infections • Cancer

  12. Endocrinologic Manifestations Skin Manifestations Gynecologic Manifestations HIV-Related Malignancies Kaposi’s sarcoma non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Primary Brain lymphoma Invasive cervical carcinoma Clinical Findings

  13. Differential Diagnosis • Essentials of Diagnosis • Risk Factors • Systemic Complaints • Opportunistic Infections • Aggressive cancers • Neurologic manifestations

  14. Confirmation of HIV Infection • Positive HIV Test • Repeatedly positive ELISA – 2 or more • Western Blot  the final confirmation • Positive 10-14 days after HIV infection • most within 3-4 weeks • Symptom onset usually 2-3 weeks for 80-90% of infected patients. • Monitor CD4+ & HIV RNA assay • (standard viral load test)

  15. Pathogenesis • 3 phases • Primary (Acute) Phase • Latent Phase • Early HIV infection • Intermediate HIV infection • Chronic Phase • Late HIV infection • AIDs • CD4+ T cells drop below 200 cells per µL

  16. Pathophysiology • Immediate Th1 and Th2 response • Autoimmunity • Immunodeficiency • Neurological Dysfunction

  17. Documentation • Incident Report • Testing Period • Employee file concerning exposure • Record Keeping • Worker Comp. • Counseling

  18. Something else to think about: "Have you more faith in a spoonful of medicine than in the power that animates the living world?" BJ Palmer

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