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CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 4

CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 4. REVISION. solution, solvent, and solute 2. experimental definition of strong/weak/non-electrolyte 3. dissociation and hydration of solute in solvent (solutions conduct electricity) 4. precipitation reaction (molecular equation, ionic equation, spectator ions).

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CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 4

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  1. CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 4

  2. REVISION • solution, solvent, and solute • 2. experimental definition of strong/weak/non-electrolyte • 3. dissociation and hydration of solute in solvent • (solutions conduct electricity) • 4. precipitation reaction • (molecular equation, ionic equation, spectator ions)

  3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS • properties of solutions • 2. reactions in solutions • a) precipitation reactions • b) acid-base reactions (proton transfer) • c)redox reactions (electron transfer)

  4. 2.2. ACIDS AND BASES ACIDS HAc → H+ (aq) + Ac- (aq) HCl (g) →H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) BASES MOH → M+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Arrhenius (1883) NaOH (s) →Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

  5. ACIDS • acids have a sour taste • vinegar – acetic acid • lemons – citric acid 2. acids react with some metals to form hydrogen 2 HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) 3. acids react with carbonates to water and carbon dioxide 2 HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + [H2CO3] H2CO3 → H2O(l) + CO2(g)

  6. BASES • bases have a bitter taste 2. bases feel slippery soap 3. aqueous bases and acids conduct electricity

  7. ACIDS proton donors HAc → H+ (aq) + Ac- (aq) BASES proton acceptor B + H+ (aq) → BH+ (aq) Bronsted (1932)

  8. ≈ 10-15 m H+ ≈ 10-10 m Na+

  9. (aq) (l) (aq) (aq) acid base hydronium ion

  10. cation hydronium ion

  11. strong electrolyte HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq) weak electrolyte CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+ + OH- monoprotic acids

  12. CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq)+ OH-(aq) H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) water can be either an acid or a base

  13. monoprotic acids HF, HCl, HBr, HNO3, CH3COOH diprotic acid H2SO4→ H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) HSO4-(aq) H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) triprotic acid H3PO4 H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq) H2PO4-(aq) H+(aq) + HPO42-(aq) HPO42-(aq) H+(aq) + PO43-(aq)

  14. Acids in the Solar System Europa H2SO4(s) Venus H2SO4(g)

  15. Acids in the Interstellar Medium

  16. NH3, H2O, H2S CH3COOH HCOOH HF, HCl Orion

  17. ACID-BASE REACTION acid + base→ salt + water (neutralization reaction) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) molecular equation – ionic equation – spectator ions

  18. SUMMARY • acids and bases • 1.1. Arrhenius and Bronsted • 1.2. strong and weak acids and bases • 1.3 acids in extraterrestrial environments • 2. acid-base neutralization reactions

  19. Homework Chapter 4, p. 111-116 problems

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