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Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders

Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders. Substance Abuse and Addictions. Mental illness. Substance Abuse and Addictions. Substance abuse. Substance Abuse and Addictions. Olds and Milner (1954). Fig. 15-1, p. 452. Substance Abuse and Addictions. Other behaviors that release dopamine.

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Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders

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  1. Chapter 15Psychological Disorders

  2. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Mental illness

  3. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Substance abuse

  4. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Olds and Milner (1954)

  5. Fig. 15-1, p. 452

  6. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Other behaviors that release dopamine

  7. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Berridge and Robinson (1998) • Nucleus accombans

  8. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Addiction

  9. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Withdrawal

  10. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Alcohol

  11. Substance Abuse and Addictions • The genetic basis for early-onset alcoholism is stronger than for later-onset, especially in men. • Researchers distinguish between two types of alcoholism • Type I/Type A • Type II/Type B

  12. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Type I/Type A characteristics

  13. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Type II/Type B characteristic

  14. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Twin studies and family studies suggest a genetic basis for Type II/Type B alcoholism.

  15. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Risk factors for alcoholism

  16. Substance Abuse and Addictions • Medications used to combat alcoholism

  17. Mood Disorders • Major depression - feeling sad and helpless everyday for weeks at a time

  18. Mood Disorders • Similar symptoms can result from hormonal problems, head injuries, brain tumors, or other illnesses. • Often comorbid with other disorders

  19. Mood Disorders • Studies of twins and adopted children suggest a moderate degree of heritability.

  20. Mood Disorders • Predisposition depends on a variety of genes. • One identified gene leads to an 80% decrease in the brain’s ability to produce serotonin. • Most depressed people do not have this gene. • Those who have the gene have a higher predisposition.

  21. Mood Disorders • Another gene identified controls the serotonin transporter protein. • Protein controls the ability of the axon to reabsorb the neurotransmitter after its release. • Two “short forms” of the gene are associated with an increased likelihood of depression after stressful events. • Perhaps alters the way people react to stressful events.

  22. Mood Disorders • Specific hormones are also involved with depression.

  23. Mood Disorders • Postpartum depression

  24. Mood Disorders • Childhood depression is equally common in both boys and girls. • After puberty, depression is twice as common in females. • The finding is consistent across cultures, suggesting a biological factor.

  25. Mood Disorders • Depression is associated with the specific brain activity

  26. Mood Disorders • Some cases of depression may be linked to viral infection. • Borna disease

  27. Mood Disorders • Categories of antidepressant drugs include: • Tricyclics. • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. • MAOI’s. • Atypical antidepressants.

  28. Fig. 15-9, p. 463

  29. Mood Disorders • Tricylclics (imipramine -Tofranil)

  30. Mood Disorders • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – • Examples: Fluoxetine (Prozac), setraline (Zoloft), fluvoxamine (Luvox), citalopram (Celexa) and paroxetine (Paxil).

  31. Mood Disorders • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s)

  32. Mood Disorders • Atypical antidepressants - Example: bupropion (Wellbutrin)

  33. Mood Disorders • Exactly how antidepressant drugs work is unclear.

  34. Mood Disorders • In some depressed people, neurons in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex shrink.

  35. Mood Disorders • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

  36. Mood Disorders • Drawbacks

  37. Mood Disorders • “Receptive transcranial magnetic stimulation”

  38. Mood Disorders • Unipolar disorder • Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)

  39. Mood Disorders • Bipolar disorder I – • Bipolar disorder II -

  40. Mood Disorders • Research suggests a heritability basis for bipolar disorder (Craddock & Jones, 1999).

  41. Mood Disorders • Treatments for bipolar • brain chemical arachidonic acid.

  42. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia

  43. Schizophrenia • Causes are not well understood but include a large biological component.

  44. Schizophrenia • Two cluster of positive symptoms of schizophrenia include: • Psychotic • Disorganized

  45. Schizophrenia • Psychotic - consists of delusions and hallucinations. • Delusions • Hallucinations • Disorganized

  46. Schizophrenia • Negative symptoms

  47. Schizophrenia • Twin studies suggest a genetic component.

  48. Schizophrenia • Prenatal environment

  49. Schizophrenia • One study identified a gene linked to high levels of negative symptoms (Fanous et al., 2005).

  50. Schizophrenia • The neurodevelopmental hypothesis

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