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Regulating blood sugar

The pancreas functions both as an exocrine gland, secreting digestive juices, and as an endocrine gland, housing the Islets of Langerhans which produce essential hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by symptoms such as hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and increased urination. Diabetes is termed "starvation in the midst of plenty," as glucose is present but cannot enter cells. Treatment involves insulin administration and dietary management. Lifestyle factors contribute to the rising prevalence of diabetes.

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Regulating blood sugar

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  1. Regulating blood sugar

  2. The Pancreas Medline Plus © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  3. Anatomy The pancreas is an exocrine gland • secreting alkaline digestive juices • into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct The pancreas is also an endocrine gland • the endocrine cells are in the Islets of Langerhans © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  4. Islets of Langerhans • An oval collection of cells scattered through the pancreas • 1 to 2 million islets in a human pancreas • 1 to 2% of its mass • Islets are darker red than the surrounding tissue having a rich blood supply • The blood from the islets drains into the Hepatic Portal Vein going directly to the liver © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  5. Hormone secreting cells •  cells. (20%) secrete glucagon •  cells (75%) secrete insulin •  cells (1 to 8%) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  6. Insulin and Glucagon © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  7. Hormone action © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  8. Hormone action © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  9. Control © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  10. INSULIN GLUCAGON Summary Normal blood glucose concentration © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  11. INSULIN DEFICIENCY: Diabetes mellitus • Symptoms • Hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose) • Glucosuria (glucose in the urine) • Polyuria (passage of copious urine) • Polydipsia (drinking large amounts) • Increased appetite • Weight loss • Acids and ketones in the blood from lipid breakdown (toxic) • Coma if ketones build, up © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  12. Diabetes Diabetes is sometimes described as: “STARVATION IN THE MIDST OF PLENTY” There is plenty of glucose circulating in the blood but it cannot get into the cells that need it Treatment • Intravenous or oral doses of insulin at regular intervals • Strict diet and meal times © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  13. Types of diabetes © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  14. Types of diabetes © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  15. Gestational diabetes • Similar to Type 2 • Develops during pregnancy • Placental hormones interact with insulin secretion • Women who develop it seem to have a genetic predisposition © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

  16. Increasing numbers of diabetics • Life style (exercise, snacking) • Change of diet (refined sugar, saturated fats) • Migration and change of diet • Ethnic differences (US: Caucasians 6%, Afro/Asiatic Americans 10%, Native Americans 20-50%) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

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