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The Middle East 1948-50

The Middle East 1948-50. Israel Declared, May 1948. Based on UNSCOP recommendation & UN vote David Ben-Gurion declares state of Israel US recognizes immediately (11 min) See need for mediation to oversee the transition Huge influx of immigration in the first 3 years. Israel, the State.

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The Middle East 1948-50

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  1. The Middle East 1948-50

  2. Israel Declared, May 1948 • Based on UNSCOP recommendation & UN vote • David Ben-Gurion declares state of Israel • US recognizes immediately (11 min) • See need for mediation to oversee the transition • Huge influx of immigration in the first 3 years

  3. Israel, the State • Knesset is the legislative body (congress) • MANY parties/ many divisions • Always a coalition gov’t • No constitution for lack of consensus among groups esp. religious vs. secular Jews • War created economic difficulties; no exports • Drastic reduction in immigration as economy declines • Israel receives aid from: US gov’t, US Jews, Germany, & Int’l import/export bank

  4. Arab Reaction • Move armies into Palestine from a variety of locations (Gaza Strip/Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon) • Do not recognize the state of Israel

  5. TRUCE • Set up by UN rep Count Folke Bernadotte • Does not constitute a peace settlement, but rather a temporary cessation • Jews use this time to buy arms from Czechoslovakia • One month

  6. Resrugence of Hostilities • Jews able to secure Tel Aviv • Irgun and Stern Gang assassinate Bernadotte • No one stands trial although many arrested • No Jewish denunciation of terrorism as a tactic • Jews able to increase territory by 20%, now Irael is 75% of mandate of Palestine west of the Jordan river

  7. Arabs lose force – Cease-fire • Dec 1, King Abdullah of Transjordan delcares cease-fire • Jan 49, Egyptian army lacks order, signs cease-fire • Transjordan renamed Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan • Egypt controls Gaza Strip

  8. JEWS 30,000 + 25,000 “home guard” 2800 in terrorist-style orgs Centralized command Determination An established pattern for terrorism ARABS Logistically difficult – troops coming in from far away (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt) Long supply-routes No common stated goals King Abdullah is commander in chief in name only (not united) Why couldn’t huge Arab numbers defeat the Jews?

  9. Deir Yassin – the destruction of an Arab village • Shows terror tactics of Jews • Part of plan for them to clear a corridor towards the Jordan R. • Jews claim Arabs had used it for snipers although part of a non-aggression pact w/ Haganah

  10. 700,000+ Arabs leave home Debate over whether Arabs were encouraged to leave by Arab leadership (Arab League and Mufti) or encouraged to stay put Now have evidence the Jews pushed the Arabs out w/ rumors of Typhus/disease & scare tactics REVISIONISTS see Arab exodus for all reasons – free will, terror, expulsion, but mostly LACK OF LEADERSHIP B/c Arab society was mostly feudal, the loss of landowners meant loss of local leadership A New Refugee Problem

  11. Where do they go? • Over 50% of all Palestinian Arabs become refugees – educated leave for other Arab cities • 80% stay in former Palestine mandated area – mostly peasants • Some to Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt • Palestine Conciliaton Commission (Fr, US, Tky) had goal of settling and getting compensation for refugees • Galilee and Nazareth remain Arab

  12. Handling the Problem • Israel denies any responsibility for Arab losses – moral or legal (ironic?) • Israel also complicates matters by linking refugee issues to peace issues (one can’t move forward w/o the other) • The Nationality Law of 1951 gives citizenship to Jews and Arabs of Israel – Israeli women first Arab women to vote • Arabs cite discrimination, however Jews will use this law as their defense

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