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Grade 10 Chemistry Unit

Grade 10 Chemistry Unit. Group Reading Assignment pg 170-71 Try This Activity Pg 171 Mr. Banerjee. LAB SAFETY. View Safety Video at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cr7roogzM8c&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Count the number of safety violations in the video

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Grade 10 Chemistry Unit

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  1. Grade 10 Chemistry Unit Group Reading Assignment pg 170-71 Try This Activity Pg 171 Mr. Banerjee

  2. LAB SAFETY • View Safety Video at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cr7roogzM8c&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Count the number of safety violations in the video Lab Equipment Checklist (CA 2) Set up Lab Tables – Use the equipment listed in the Activities

  3. LAB SAFETY • WHMIS and Safety Worksheet (CA3 , 4) Use the internet and your textbook pg176 -178 • Q 1,2 pg 179 • Safety Quiz on the next slide Number a blank piece of notepaper 1-15 Label each activity Place an *next to the safety violations in your list

  4. 12 13 11 10 14 9 8 4 7 6 5 2 3 1 15

  5. Introductory Lab • Chemistry in a Bag Lab (CA 5,6)

  6. Chapter 5 Chemicals in Action What is chemistry? Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties and its changes or transformations. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. All types of matter have physical and chemical properties.

  7. Physical properties include: state at room temperature (solid, liquid or gas), temperature, colour, odour, lustre, solubility and melting and boiling points.

  8. Chemical properties include how matter reacts with: air (oxygen),acids, bases, and water

  9. 5.1 Chemicals and chemical Change • There are many different types of matter that make up our world: • Pure substance – all the particles that make up this matter are the same, as a result this matter has constant properties e.g. pure water is a clear colourless substance that freezes at 0 C and boils at 100 C.

  10. a) Pure substances can be classified as: Elements – cannot be broken down into a simpler substance because they are made of only 1 kind of atom e.g. gold, oxygen, and mercury. These elements can be identified by a chemical symbol found on the periodic table (Au, O, Hg). Some elements consist of molecules, which are formed when 2 or more atoms join together; for example oxygen (O) occurs in nature as pairs of oxygen atoms or molecules of oxygen (O2)

  11. Compounds – contain 2 or more different elements in a fixed proportion. Compounds can be identified with chemical formulas e.g. carbon dioxide (formula CO2) is a compound. Each molecule of carbon dioxide is made of 1 atom of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen. Other examples of compounds are water (H2O), sodium chloride (NaCl or salt), and ammonia (NH3).

  12. 2)Another type of matter is a mixture. Mixtures are made of 2 or more pure substances and can be separated by some physical method e.g. filtering, evaporation, and magnet. E.g. salt water with sand in it. The sand can be filtered with filter paper and the salt can be separated from the water by evaporating the water. Mixtures can be classified as:

  13. Solutions – a mixture where one pure substance is dissolved in another pure substance e.g. salt in water, oxygen in air, copper in a brass loonies.

  14. Homogeneous mixtures – a mixture that has 2 pure substances but appears to be only 1 pure substance e.g. Kool-Aid is a mixture of flavour crystals, sugar and water

  15. Heterogeneous mixture – a mixture that has 2 or more pure substances that can be seen as separate parts or layers e.g. pizza is made of cheeses tomato sauce and pepperoni

  16. Matter Pure Substance Mixture Element Compound Solution Heterogeneous Homogeneous

  17. Properties of Matter A physical change is a change in the size or form of a substance, which does not change the chemical properties of the substance e.g. boiling water, or dissolving sugar in water.

  18. A chemical change occurs when a substance changes into a new substance with different chemical properties e.g. iron rusting or burning charcoal.

  19. The starting materials in a chemical change are called reactants and the new materials made are called products. Iron + oxygen makes rust or iron (III) oxide Fe + O2 makes Fe2O3 Reactants Products

  20. Chemical Tests How are chemical changes useful? Chemical changes can be used to make a new substance or identify an unknown substance. There are 4 chemical tests that can be used to identify an unknown colourless gas: 1)Oxygen Gas – a glowing splint bursts into flames Oxygen Test

  21. 2)Hydrogen Gas – a lit splint will cause a small explosion or pop sound POP!! Hydrogen Test

  22. 3)Carbon dioxide Gas – a chemical called limewater will turn from colourless to white if exposed to carbon dioxide

  23. 4) Water Vapour (Gas) – cobalt chloride paper will change from blue to pink

  24. Assignment • Lab : Properties Testing Properties of Substances • (CA 7,8) • Homework : Questions 1-10 pg 175 Answer Key

  25. 5.5 Elements and the Periodic Table In Lab E1 you discovered that some substances are electrolytes and some are non electrolytes or conductors or non conductors of electricity when they are dissolved in water. What makes electrolytes different from nonelectrolytes? We can use the periodic table of Elements to help answer that question.

  26. Periodic Table – an organized arrangement of elements that help us to explain and predict physical and chemical properties. The periodic table is generally arranges with metals toward the left side and the nonmetals towards the right side. One exception is hydrogen (H). Although it is located on the top left hand side of the periodic table it behaves mostly as a non-metal.

  27. Chemical Families – elements have been grouped in columns or families. Chemical families are groups of elements in the same vertical column that have similar physical and chemical properties. 1)Alkali metals (group 1) – include lithium (li) , sodium (Na), and potassium (K) and all are shiny, silvery metals. They form compounds that are white solids and very soluble in water

  28. 2)Alkaline Earth Metals (group 2) – include magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and barium (Ba) and all are shiny , silvery metals, but they form compounds that are not soluble in water

  29. 3)     Halogens (group 17) – include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and bromine (Br) and are all poisonous elements that react easily with sodium and all other alkali metals.

  30. 4)Noble Gases (group 18) – include helium (He), and neon (Ne) and do not form compounds. The other term for the noble gases is inert gases. Inert means does not react.

  31. Elements and Atomic Structure What are atoms made of? The Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom suggests that atoms are made of 3 types of subatomic particles 1)protons – heavy positively charged particles that are found in a dense positive core of the atom called the nucleus. The number of protons equals the atomic # of the element on the periodic table

  32. 2)     Neutrons – neutral particles that have the same mass as a proton and are also found in the nucleus. The number of neutrons in an atom can vary. (atomic mass – atomic # on the periodic table)

  33. 3) Electrons – negatively charged particles with almost no mass that circle the nucleus at different energy levels, also called orbits or shells. Since atoms are electrically neutral that number of electrons equals the number of protons

  34. The key to understanding the formation of compounds is to understand the arrangements of electrons around the nucleus. The farther away an electron is from the nucleus the more likely it is to be involved in a chemical change.

  35. The electrons in the outer orbit (valence electrons) are involved in bonding atoms together to form compounds.

  36. Bohr diagrams are used to represent the arrangement of electrons in various orbits of an atom ---7 e- ---8 e- ---2 e- 35 17 Or Cl

  37. nucleus 1st nrg level 2nd nrg level 3rd nrg level

  38. Atomic SymbolsA full atomic symbol includes the symbol of the element with the atomic number at the bottom left corner and the mass number at the top left corner.Copy Atomic Symbol Here 84 Kr 36

  39. Consider what might happen to the charge of a neutral atom if the outer orbit of electrons are decreased or increased in number.

  40. When this occurs the atom becomes a charged particle called an ion. Ion’s can be positively charged (caused by a loss of electrons from the outer orbit) or negatively charged (caused by a gain of electrons in the outer orbit).

  41. The symbol of the atom changes to indicate the change in ionic charge Li becomes Li +1 when a lithium atom loses 1 electron or N becomes N –3 when a nitrogen atom gains 3 electrons. Positive ions have the same name as their original atom, but negative ions are renamed by changing the ending of atom (ine) to (ide) e.g. fluorine (F) becomes fluoride (F-1).

  42. Mg Symbol of a Magnesium Atom Mg 2+ Symbol of a Magnesium Ion Notice 2+ means magnesium lost 2 electrons 2e- 8e- 8e- 8e- 2e- 2e- 2e- Mg Atom 12p+ Ne Mg Ion 12p+ Metal Atoms to Ions Magnesium atom Magnesium Ion by losing 2 electrons becomes To be like Its nearest Noble Gas

  43. S Symbol of a Sulpur Atom S 2- Symbol of a Sulphide Ion Notice 2- means sulphur gained 2 electrons And the name changed 6e- 8e- 8e- 8e- 8e- 8e- 2e- 2e- 2e- Ar Atom 18p+ S Atom 16p+ S Ion 16p+ Nonmetal Atoms to Ions Its nearest Noble Gas Sulphur atom To be like becomes Sulphide ion

  44. Homework : • Worksheet – Model of an atom (CA 11) • Worksheet – Model of an Ion (CA 12) • Activity 5.7 :Ionic Charges and Chemical Families (Use BLM 5.7a-c) (CA 9,10) • Worksheet – Table of Ions (CA 13) • Lab Testing for Ions (CA14-15) • BLM 5.1b (CA 16) • BLM 5.5b (CA 16) Answer Key

  45. 5.6 How Elements Form Compounds There are 2 types compounds : 1)ionic compounds – formed when a metal loses 1 or more valence electrons to a non-metal, forming a positive (cation) and a negative ion (anion)which then are attracted to each other and are held together by an attraction called an ionic bond.

  46. Ionic compounds dissolve in water and separate into positive ion and negative ions. These charged particles carry electric current through the water (electrolyte) Video

  47. 2)     Molecular compounds are formed when 2 or more nonmetals combine together. When dissolved in water the molecules do not separate into charged particles and do not carry an electrical charge (non electrolyte) Video

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