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Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety

Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety. NASA/FAA/Industry Home & Home Visit Series Langley Research Center November 15-16, 1999. Michael S. Lewis Director Aviation Safety Program NASA Langley Research Center. FINAL REPORT. TO. PRESIDENT CLINTON.

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Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety

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  1. Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety NASA/FAA/Industry Home & Home Visit Series Langley Research Center November 15-16, 1999 Michael S. Lewis Director Aviation Safety Program NASA Langley Research Center

  2. FINAL REPORT TO PRESIDENT CLINTON White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE, CHAIRMAN FEBRUARY 12, 1997 “We will achieve a national goal of reducing the fatal aircraft accident rate by 80% within 10 years.”President William J. Clinton, February 12, 1997

  3. 4 Days in May = 18 GA Accidents(7 Fatal, 15 Fatalities) Aviation Safety Program Regist Severity Location Aircraft Type Number(Fatalities) TUES MAY-12-98 CLARKSTON, MI Cessna 150K N5876G Nonfatal FRISCO, TX Beech 76 N6701C Fatal (1) DAVIS, WV Beech A36 N72141 Fatal (4) CLEVELAND, OH Grumman G-44 N1AS Nonfatal HOLBROOK, AZ Beech A23-24 N6092N Nonfatal SEMMES, AL M2 SPORT 1000 NONE Fatal (2) WED MAY-13-98 ISANTI, MN Cessna A185F N7140H Nonfatal GORMAN, CA Bellanca 7GCBC N11867 Fatal (1) VILLA RICA, GA Revolution MINI-500 N355RM Nonfatal THUR MAY-14-98 MONTGOMERY, AL Beech BE-45-T-34B N9280Z Nonfatal WEST CHICAGO, IL Enstrom F28 N86238 Nonfatal DEWITT, AR Ayers SR2-T34 N393KW Nonfatal CLARKSBURG, CA Piper PA-22 N198TP Nonfatal TEMECULA, CA Bell 206B N90215 Nonfatal MCCALLA, AL Taylorcraft BC-12D N96750 Fatal (1) FRI MAY-15-98 PALMER, AK Cessna 172 N9212H Fatal (2) LAGRANGE, WI Commander 114-B N6059C Fatal (4) ABILENE, TX Cessna 180 N4775B Nonfatal NTSB May 1998 General Aviation Accidents

  4. Langley Research Center (Lead) Ames Research Center Glenn Research Center Dryden Flight Research Center 1998 - 2004 $500M Close coordination withFAA & Industry NASA’s Aviation Safety Initiative

  5. NASA Aviation Safety Initiatives Aviation Safety Program Office Focused Program Projects 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.3 Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling Yuri Gawdiak (ARC) 2.6 2.4 System-Wide Accident Prevention Tina Beard (ARC) Single Aircraft Accident Prevention John White (LaRC) Accident Mitigation Douglas Rohn (GRC) Synthetic Vision Daniel Baize (LaRC) Weather Accident Prevention Ronato Colantonio (GRC) Elements • Commercial & Business Aircraft • GA & Rotorcraft • Enhanced Vision Sensors and Enabling Technologies • Systems Approach • to Crashworthiness • Fire Prevention • System Monitoring • Data Sharing • Data Analysis • Human Error Modeling • Maintenance Human • Factors • Training • Health Management • & Flt Crit Sys Design • Control Upset Mgmt • Engine Containment • Wx Info Distribution & Presentation • Weather Information Communication • Turbulence Detection & Mitigation • Icing • Fatigue • Design Principles • Training • Human Error Elements (R&T Base) • Information Integrity • Data Sharing • Rotorcraft Pilot Aiding • SAFOR • Engine Fail. Containment • Aging Aircraft • Crew Station Design and Integration Information Technology Eugene Tu (ARC) Aviation Operations Systems Vic Lebacqz (ARC) Rotorcraft John Coy (ARC) Propulsion Frank Berkopec (GRC) Aerospace Vehicle Technologies Darrel Tenney (LaRC) R&T Base Programs

  6. Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety (7 of them)

  7. Visibility Crew/Automation Errors Inop Ground Equip ATC Communications Crew Distraction Failure to follow procedure CFIT STRATEGY#1 “Eliminate the #1 factor in fatal commercial and general aviation accidents” (and at the same time address the #1 cause of airport delays)

  8. Precision Navigation Digital Terrain Data Base Flight Deck Displays Certified Operation

  9. STRATEGY#2 “Eliminate the #1 cause of non-fatal accidents and injuries” Turbulence

  10. Turbulence Research Thrusts Onboard Detection Hazard Characterization Space-based Detection Nowcasts / Forecasts 1 0 5 0 (lagged 9 sec) Lidar 5 TAS 1 0 4 3 4 3 . 5 4 4 4 4 . 5 4 5 4 5 . 5 4 6 Time (min.)

  11. STRATEGY#3 “Improve the single highest General Aviation safety risk factor” Weather Decision-making

  12. Text Printout of Convective SIGMET Cockpit Weather Presentation

  13. Weather Information Products

  14. Weather Information Products Icing Ceiling &Visibility Turbulence AWIN Lightning Winds Volcanic Ash

  15. Aviation Weather Information (AWIN) Aviation Safety Program Air Carrier Cockpit Display of Weather Information (AOS) • Accomplishments: • Established data center • Installed and tested multiple datalinks • Developed pilot interface • Installed and tested multiple data links between ground and aircraft • Flight demonstrated complete end-to-end system on Cessna Citation • Multiple products delivered to the flight deck: • Turbulence Detection • Weather Radar (US Only) • Satellite • Convective Forecast • Convective Detection • METARs • Future Plans: • Installation of WINN system in an airline transport aircraft flying normal revenue operations

  16. Planned Coverage (5000’ AGL) Initial operation capability Sun ‘n Fun 2000 One year capability Oshkosh AirVenture 2000 Full operation capability Oshkosh AirVenture 2002 Aviation Weather Information (AWIN) Aviation Safety Program General Aviation Cockpit Display of Weather Information • Accomplishment: • Uplink high resolution weather radar using compact low-cost ground stations • Open standard digital protocol (VDL Mode 2) • Selected by FAA to implement/provide national weather in the cockpit capability to general aviation beginning early ‘00 • Future Plans: • System will be expanded to 20 ground stations • Three geographically diverse areas • Tested in “real-world”conditions using 32 participating aircraft

  17. Digital Radio Technology Aviation Safety Program • Low cost receivers • Low cost bit rate • Satellite broadcast • Wide area coverage • Ground up coverage WorldSpace Receivers

  18. STRATEGY#4 “Look after the accident chain’s most frequent link” The People

  19. Human Factors Research Thrusts Human/Automation Integration Maintenance Human Factors Training Effectiveness Human Error Modeling

  20. STRATEGY#5 “Prevent and/or Manage Aircraft System Failures” Health Management

  21. Aircraft System Failure Prevention Health Management - Propulsion System - Airframe Structure - Flight Systems Flt Critical Sys Design - Design Correctness - Fault Tolerance - Functional Integrity Satellite Link • Prognostics to Flight Crew • Fault & Failure Data to Control System VHF Data Link • Fault & Failure Data to Manufacturer • Fault & Failure Diagnostics to Ground Crew

  22. In-Flight Operation of Active Side-Stick/HUMS Sensors in UH-60 RASCAL Aircraft Aviation Safety Program • On-Board Signal • Processing • Real-time fatigue monitoring • and limit exceedance predictions • Pilot Cueing to • Reduce Workload • Usage management • Damage avoidance • Maneuver envelope • enhancement/safety • Advanced Robust • Digital Sensors • Full-time High-Bandwidth Component and System Monitoring

  23. Narrative Data: Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), NAOMS • Operational Data: Aviation Performance Measurement System (APMS) • System Data: Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS), Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling STRATEGY#6 “Quantifiably and continually assess aviation system operations”

  24. Aviation Operational Performance Monitoring Example: Targeted Queries Search anyportion of the databaseprescribed bythe user for any patternof flight parametersdefined by the user.

  25. Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS) Aviation Safety Program Example: Simple System Measures LAX Departures to SFO,OAK,SJC,SMF Colored by Climb/Descent Rate

  26. Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS) Aviation Safety Program Example: Simple Local Airport Measures LAX Arrivals – Colored by Runway

  27. Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS) Aviation Safety Program Deviation From Direct-to-Distance > 5% (above FL200) May 6, 1999 Example: Operational Efficiency Measures

  28. Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS) Aviation Safety Program SFO Arrival Tracks Colored By Closest Aircraft Less Than: 2nm and 3000ft 3nm and 3000ft 5nm and 2000ft 10nm and 1000ft Default Example: Safety Measures

  29. Proliferating Software Digital Systems Capacity Growth GA High Flyers Aging Aircraft STRATEGY#7 “Plan for the Future”

  30. Summary

  31. 1) Make every flight the equivalent of clear-day operations 2) Accurately detect and provide sufficient alerts for severe turbulence 3) Bring real-time graphical weather into the cockpit 4) Improve the human/machine integration in design, operations, and maintenance 5) Track the long-term and real-time health of on-board systems 6) Continuously monitor and assess all the data from every flight for both known and unknown issues 7) Prepare for future issues Seven Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety

  32. Weather Jai Shin, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Glenn Research Center Paul Stough, AWIN Element Manager Synthetic Vision Dan Baize, Synthetic Vision Systems Project Manager Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling System Wide Accident Preventon Brian Smith, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Ames Research Center Single Aircraft Accident Prevention Accident Mitigation George Finelli, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Langley Research Center John White, Single Aircraft Accident Prevention Project Manager Lisa Jones, Crashworthiness Element Manger Breakout Sessions Aviation Safety Program Session #2 Session #1

  33. Thank You

  34. AvSPOrganization Aviation Safety Program Aviation Safety Program Office Michael Lewis, Director George Finelli, Deputy Director Connie Smith, Secretary Brian Smith, Dep Prog Mgr (ARC) Frank Jones, Asst Tech Mgmt Jaiwon Shin, Dep Prog Mgr (GRC) Glenn Bond, Senior Prog Analyst 1.1 1.2 Technical Integration Vincent Schultz (LaRC) Program Integration Michael Basehore (FAA) Carrie Walker (Hq) Michael Durham (LaRC) Program Projects 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.3 Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling Yuri Gawdiak (ARC) 2.6 2.4 System-Wide Accident Prevention Tina Beard (ARC) Single Aircraft Accident Prevention John White (LaRC) Accident Mitigation Douglas Rohn (GRC) Synthetic Vision Daniel Baize (LaRC) Weather Accident Prevention Ronato Colantonio (GRC) Elements • Commercial & Business Aircraft • GA & Rotorcraft • Enhanced Vision Sensors and Enabling Technologies • Systems Approach • to Crashworthiness • Fire Prevention • System Monitoring • Data Sharing • Data Analysis • Human Error Modeling • Maintenance Human • Factors • Training • Health Management • & Flt Crit Sys Design • Control Upset Mgmt • Engine Containment • Wx Info Distribution & Presentation • Weather Information Communication • Turbulence Detection & Mitigation

  35. Crash Sequence Post-Crash Photo Floor-Level Acceleration Pulse • Full-scale crash test of Sikorsky Advance Composite Airframe Program (ACAP) helicopter at NASA-LaRC Impact Dynamics Research Facility • Addressed issues with composite materials, landing gear, energy-absorbing subfloor and seating • Test to provide data for validation of computer crash simulation.

  36. 1 9 5 1 8 0 C i t i n g s 1 6 5 1 5 0 I n j u r i e s 1 3 5 1 2 0 1 0 5 9 0 7 5 6 0 4 5 3 0 1 5 0 EVAC TURB RWY COND T/O CONFIG CONT INTRFRNCE LDG ERRORS FIRE I/F-UNK SYS/COMP FAIL CONT DRG T/O IMPRPR MAINT ICING-GROUND APP&LDG CONFIG GRND HANDLING FAR Part 121 Scheduled - Non-Fatal Accident Category Tall Poles: 1990-1996

  37. Deviation From Direct-to-Distance > 20% (5000-FL200) May 6, 1999

  38. Selected LAX Departures Colored by Destination

  39. CAS (kt) Height above Runway (ft) 60 40 50 30 40 30 % flights 20 % flights 20 10 10 0 0 0 50 145 135 155 165 175 200 250 100 150 300 Vertical Speed (ft/min) Pitch Angle (degrees) 80 40 60 30 40 % flights % flights 20 20 10 0 0 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 8 9 10 7.5 8.5 9.5 Aviation Operational Performance Monitoring Example: Standard assessments of key events At Gear Retraction

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