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The Struggle for Independence!

The Struggle for Independence!. Creation of Pakistan and India. By:Farisa Rana. History Of India before British Rule. The Mughals :- The mightiest dynasties in history Invaded India In the sixteenth century and established a huge Muslin empire.

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The Struggle for Independence!

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  1. The Struggle for Independence! Creation of Pakistan and India By:FarisaRana

  2. History Of India before British Rule The Mughals:- The mightiest dynasties in history • Invaded India In the sixteenth century and established a huge Muslin empire. • Their rule lasted for more than 300 hundred years. • First ruler was Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad or ‘Babur’ and claimed throne at the age of twelve. • In 1530 Humayan succeeded his father Babur. • Shah Jehan had built the Taj Mahal in the memory of his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal • Akbar succeeded his father at the age of 13, ruling an empire which was even larger than what his grandfather Babur had conquered • They were known for their magnificent architecture, their gardens, the emphasis of the research in science and religion and they introduced a proper system government.

  3. Arrival of the British • By the 18th century the Mughal empire had in declined England had been the first country to face the Industrial Revolution and the wealth accumulated by this time, it could afford a military which pushed the downfall of the Mughal Empire. • Europeans had their eyes on India’s wealth even before the empire went into decline • In 1600, the British had developed the East India Company (EIC) -----Turned to India for trading • Competition b/w the Dutch, the Portuguese and the French • First base in Surat 1608

  4. Two leaders-Two Goals Two Nation Theory

  5. Major Organizations Muslim League (Qaid-e-Azam Muhamad Ali Jinnah) Congress( Mahatama Gandhi) Formed in 1885 Opposed partition Represented the Hindus ‘united one and for all to promote our welfare and the welfare of our mother country’ Aimed to educate the public in India End the Indian Civil service because wanted more of Indian representation Wanted the League to support the Congress in fighting against the British and then consider partition Wanted the Central Govt. to control defense and foreign policy Opposed the “Two nation Theory” • Formed in 1906 • Supported partition • Represented the Muslims: • Protect political rights and interests • Represent the needs of the Muslims to the government • Remove any misunderstandings b/w the Muslims and the govt. • ‘to counter the growing influence if the so-called Indian National Congress’ • Why would congress support partition afterwards? • Wanted the provinces to control these matters • Supported “Two Nation Theory”

  6. Significance to the War • On September 3,1939 Britain declared war against Germany and claimed that India too was at war with Germany. • Britain needed support from Congress and the Muslim League and the whole of India • Both organizations had refused to support the British only if the British were to meet their demands first Congress and Muslim League: • Will only support the British if they promised Independence • Passed the resolution ‘entire disapproval’ of Nazism and Fascism

  7. Continue…… • On March 1942 the British sent Sir Stafford to India: • Sent him to see if India would support Britain’s war effort • Persuaded the Muslim League and the congress that after the war an Indian Union will be found • Constituent Assembly will outline a new constitution • After the war elections will be held • Muslim League rejected the proposals as there was no reference to creation of Pakistan but pleased as it recognized the minorities • Congress objected because the British now demanded immediate control of India and waiting until war was over, delayed the promises made by the British

  8. Downfall of the British Outbreak of World War II • In order to manipulate the Indian activists that had risen during the World War II, it required money which the British could no longer provide because of British’s economic depression: • Violence and failure to bring together the Congress and the Muslim league on terms—the British arranged their departure • United States pressurizing the British for the removal of its colonial expansion. • In 1945 Lord Wavell flew to India when the WW II was coming to an end to settle the future of India after their departure. • He held elections; the elections clearly showed how divided India had become

  9. Partition Announced!!June 3, 1947 • Two states India and Pakistan were to be set up: • India means ‘Body of Water’ • Pakistan means ‘Pure land’ • Muslim majority provinces would vote either to stay in India or to move to Pakistan: • Lord Mountbatten appointed Sir Cyril Radcliffe to set up the boundaries of the new states. Know as ---Radcliffe Award • In Punjab---both Ferozepur and Gurdaspur given to India even though they were Muslim majority---bordered with Kashmir---lead to further disputes b/w India and Pakistan • Division of assets such as army, civil service and finance were still undecided.----After partition to be resolved

  10. INDIA AND PAKISTAN!!! August 14, 1947 • The wheel of law in the Sarnath Lion Capital shows that there is life in movement and death in stagnation. • The saffron stands for courage and sacrifice; • the white, for purity and truth; • the green for growth and auspiciousness. • Dark-green and white represents prosperity and peace—green traditional color of Islam • Crescent indicates continuous progress---the crescent waxes to become full moon---full moon wanes and disappears • Five-rayed star represents light and learning August 15, 1947

  11. History's Biggest Migration 1947 Flight to a new ‘home’ Refugees going to Pakistan

  12. Overview • Before the British rule India was ruled by the Mughals • The British had traded in India due to the intense competition b/w other groups such as the Dutch and the French • The two major organizations in India, the Muslim League, headed by Qaid-e-Azam and the Congress, headed by Gandhi • Muslim League represented the Muslims and supported partition • Congress represented the Hindus and opposed the partition • Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India • WW II pushed the downfall of the British rule in India as the two parties demanded the future of India to be settled • Radcliffe Award determined the boundaries of the new created states • Partitioned announced on June 3, 1947

  13. QUIZ !!!!! • Who was last Viceroy of India? • One reason of creation of India and Pakistan.---related to WW II • Why did British trade in India? • Name the representatives of the two major political organizations in India. • When was the partitioned announced? What was the name of the first Mughal Emperor?

  14. Works Cited Page(MLA Citations) • Kelly, Nigel. The History and Culture of Pakistan. London: Peak Publishing,2004.Malaysia • Goodwin, William. Pakistan. Farmington Hills:LucentBooks,2003.The Gale Group • Hall, Prentice. United States History. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. United States of America • Maindiratta, Brinda. FOTW Flags Of The World. 02 February 27,2010. Website of High Commission of India. March 30,2010 <http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html#meaning> • PBS NewsHour. India and Pakistan, 60 years of Independence. 01 August 14, 2007. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. March 30, 2010 <http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/asia/partition/timeline/timeline2.html>

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