1. Russian Empire Chapter 18

2. Mongol Rule • Local administration in the hands of the Russians • Reduced cultural and economic life • Literacy declined • All agricultural

3. 1480: Creation of a large independent state • Ivan III, prince of Moscow, rose up against the Mongols • Strong central government • Head of Orthodox Church

4. 1547-1584: Ivan the IV reign • Ivan the IV was a bit paranoid and killed boyars he believed to be working against his throne. • Beat daughter-in-law (was pregnant) • Attacked his son (when confronted) • Crowned Tsar of all Russians • Known to torture animals • Death led to time of troubles

5. Time of Troubles (between two Dynasties)

6. Romanov Dynasty • Boyars chose Michael as czar • Order and stopped invaders • Alexis • Expanded role of czar • Abolished assembly of the nobles • Wanted to cleanse the church of changesthose that resisted were exiled to Siberia “Old Believers”

9. Peter the GreatRomanov Dynasty • 1682-1725 • Western technology • Forced and rapid modernization • No representative government—bureaucrats were from outside autocracy • Focuses on military—army & navy • Secret police • Western clothes & style; shave beards • Moved capital to St Petersburg • Added the Baltic—success against Sweden

12. Catherine the GreatRomanov Dynasty • 1762-1795 • Expanded the empire East to Alaska • Institution of serfdom expanded • 1649 law tied serfs to landlords • Strong centralized government was more important than Enlightenment ideas • Patron of western arts and architecture

13. Russian serfdom • Free peasants fell into debt and forced to become serfs on large estates • Used to make nobility happy and control the masses • 1649 Act—serfs are born into the status, cannot get out of serfdom, could be bought and sold, punished by masters BUT not literally slaves

14. Life of a serf • Illiterate • Poor • Pay high taxes • Owed labor service to their landlords—agriculture, mining or manufacture • Grain exported to the West • No real motivation for efficient agriculture practices

15. Expansion • Added Siberia • Cossacks were sent to occupy new land • Nobles & bureaucrats received land grants

16. What is Westernization? • Absolute monarchy with bureaucracy • Systemized law code and tax system • Peasants bear the brunt • Metallurgy and mining • Increased education in science and math • Upper-class women’s lives improved • All classes resisted

17. 1450-1750 • Russia has contact with the West • Only a few big cities; 95% rural • No strong merchant or commercial class • Long-lasting multinational empire • Autocrats bring Westernization and expansionism