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The Struggle of the American Labor Movement

The Struggle of the American Labor Movement. Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900. Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900. The Changing American Labor Force. Management vs. Labor. “Tools” of Management. “Tools” of Labor. “scabs” P. R. campaign Pinkertons lockout blacklisting

ralph-alvarez
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The Struggle of the American Labor Movement

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  1. The Struggle of the American Labor Movement Industrial Warfare – 1870-1900

  2. Labor Force Distribution1870-1900

  3. The Changing American Labor Force

  4. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor • “scabs” • P. R. campaign • Pinkertons • lockout • blacklisting • yellow-dog contracts • court injunctions • open shop • boycotts • sympathy demonstrations • informational picketing • closed shops • organized strikes • “wildcat” strikes

  5. 1. National Labor Union • Prior to 1860’s, workers organized by craft • Civil War produced a national economy • Organized in 1866, goals included higher wages and an 8-hour work day • Government workers won the 8-hour work day • Open to women, Blacks

  6. Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

  7. 2. The Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s) Pinkerton? James McParland infiltrates the secret society of the “Mollies”; were they union agitators?

  8. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: PinkertonAgents

  9. 3. Knights of Labor - 1869 Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

  10. Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade card

  11. Goals of the Knights of Labor • Eight-hour workday. • Workers’ cooperatives. • Worker-owned factories. • Abolition of child and prison labor. • Increased circulation of greenbacks. • Equal pay for men and women. • Safety codes in the workplace. • Prohibition of contract foreign labor. • Abolition of the National Bank.

  12. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • Wages cut to reduce • costs • 11 states; 2/3 of rails • Joined by half a million • other workers • President Hayes sends • in the troops to put • down the strike • More than 100 killed • Hard lines taken against • unions

  13. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

  14. The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

  15. Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in 1886

  16. Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

  17. Haymarket Martyrs • 7 policemen killed • Bomb thrower • never found • 8 anarchist • leaders tried and • convicted; 7 • sentenced to death; • 4 executed, 1 suicide • Public opinion = • unions are radical • and violent

  18. Governor John Peter Altgeld

  19. 4. The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers

  20. How the AF of L Would Help the Workers • Catered to the skilled worker. • Represented workers in matters of national legislation. • Maintained a national strike fund. • Evangelized the cause of unionism. • Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. • Mediated disputes between management and labor with collective bargaining • Pushed for closed shops. • Nations largest union by 1901

  21. Strike Breaking in the 1890s Homestead Steel Strike - 1892 Homestead Steel Works, Pittsburgh, PA 800/3,800 union members 20% cut in wages lockout, scabs, Pinkertons Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers

  22. Homestead Strike

  23. Big Corporate Profits!

  24. Attempted Assassination! Henry Clay Frick Alexander Berkman

  25. The Pullman Strike of 1894

  26. A “CompanyTown”: Pullman, IL

  27. Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

  28. The Socialists Eugene V. Debs American Railway Union

  29. The Pullman Strike of 1894 Government by injunction!

  30. President Grover Cleveland If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

  31. 5. International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

  32. “Big Bill” Haywood of theIWW • Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

  33. I W W & the Internationale

  34. The Hand That Will Rule the World One Big Union

  35. The “Formula” unions + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants = anarchists

  36. 6. International Ladies Garment Workers Union - 1900 Carla Lemlich 20-40,000 workers Women – Italian/Jewish

  37. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire - 1911

  38. Sweatshop in NYC Factory – pre fire Factory - post fire

  39. Dead bodies on the side walk

  40. Scene at the morgue Relatives review the dead: 145 bodies

  41. Out of the Ashes • ILGWU membership surged. • NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention. • New strict building codes were passed. • Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops. • Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage. • Criminal jury acquitted owners Blank and Harris. • Civil jury awarded each victim’s family $75. • Insurance company paid Blank/Harris $400 per casualty for their losses

  42. Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel” • Mary Harris Jones. • Organizer for theUnited Mine Workers. • Founded the SocialDemocratic Party -1898 • One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905. • Championed the cause of child labor

  43. Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

  44. Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

  45. The “Bread & Roses” Strike DEMANDS: • 15¢/hr. wage increase. • Double pay for overtime. • No discrimination against strikers. • An end to “speed-up” on the assembly line. • An end to discrimination againstforeign immigrant workers.

  46. Child Labor

  47. Child Labor

  48. Children’s Crusade - 1903 Philadelphia to Oyster Bay, NY to meet with President Teddy Roosevelt Brought the matter of child labor to the public’s attention Child labor laws passed; compulsory attendance laws

  49. “Galley Labor”

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