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Biological, behavioural and social determinants of health

Biological, behavioural and social determinants of health. What are ‘determinants of health’?. Factors that influence health Can increase the chance of ill health (risk factors) or good health (protective factors) Determinants of health can act in combination

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Biological, behavioural and social determinants of health

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  1. Biological, behavioural and social determinants of health

  2. What are ‘determinants of health’? • Factors that influence health • Can increase the chance of ill health (risk factors) or good health (protective factors) • Determinants of health can act in combination • Determinant of health can be applied to an individual (e.g. you) or to a population (e.g. Australia)

  3. Risk factors • Any factor representing a greater risk of a health disorder or other unwanted condition or event is known as a risk factor • Examples are: • low socioeconomic status, obesity • high blood • cholesterol • tobacco smoking.

  4. Protective factor • Any factor that reduces the risk of a health disorder or other unwanted condition or event is known as a protective factor. • Examples • Regular physical activity • High fruit and vegetable intake • Preventative health care • Social networks

  5. Determinants of health • The determinants of health have been categorised into three main groups: • Biological- genetic, biomedical • behavioural- Attitudes, beliefs, lifestyle • Social- Environment, knowledge

  6. Biological determinants of healthGenetics, biomedical • Risk or protective factors that relate to the body and represent actual bodily states, for example: • Genetics- • blood pressure • blood cholesterol • body weight • impaired glucose regulation

  7. Genetics • 3 per cent of babies in Australia are born with a genetic disorder. • examples of genetic diseases whereby a mutation or abnormality in one of more genes or chromosomes results in a particular illness. • haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anaemia, Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy and phenylketonuria • There is also genetic predisposition to some conditions such as diabetes and heart disease (family history)

  8. Blood pressure • High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and kidney failure. • It accounts for 8% of burden of disease in australia

  9. blood cholesterol • High blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke. • High blood cholesterol is estimated to cause around 6 per cent of the total burden of disease among Australians

  10. Body weight • World Health Organization (WHO) has labelled obesity a global epidemic • Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, certain cancers, sleep apnoea, osteoarthritis, psychological disorders and social problems • 7.6 per cent of the total burden of disease

  11. Impaired glucose regulation • Is the metabolic state between normal regulation of glucose and failed regulation (Diabetes). • Common cause: • Overweight, obesity • High cholesterol • It affects One in 6 Australians over the age of 25

  12. Behavioural determinants of healthAttitudes, Beliefs, Lifestyle • Risk or protective factors that are based on behaviours or actions, for example: • tobacco smoking • physical activity • alcohol consumption • illicit drug use • dietary behaviour • sexual behaviour • vaccination • sun exposure

  13. Alcohol consumption • Excessive alcohol use is responsible for about 3.2 per cent of the Victorian burden of disease, linked to increased rates of cancers, liver disease, pancreatitis, diabetes, stroke and epilepsy. It was responsible for 844 deaths in 2001, and 12 729 years of life lost due to premature death. Alcohol dependence results in nearly 8000 years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs). • The biggest burden associated with alcohol is the range of injuries linked to excessive use: road traffic accidents, falls, drowning, burns, suicide and violence.

  14. tobacco • Tobacco smoking is associated with the greatest disease burden – over 8 per cent of the total burden for Victoria. It was responsible for 3968 deaths in Victoria in 2001, with a total of 39 393 years of life lost due to premature death. • tobacco-related deaths are from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, other cancers and heart disease.

  15. Social determinants of healthEnvironmental, Knowledge • Risk or protective factors that are based on society and the social environment: • socioeconomic status • stress • early life experiences • social exclusion • work • unemployment • social support • addiction • food • transport

  16. Environmental • Air pollution is linked with respiratory illnesses. • Some of the chemicals used in growing and processing foods are thought to be linked to allergies and illnesses, and possibly even to cancer. • Nuclear waste is an environmental health problem that seems to have no long-term solution. • Many industries use toxic chemicals or have hazardous work conditions that endanger workers’ health. • Noise levels in some work and recreation settings are so high that hearing is permanently damaged. • The hole in the ozone layer has increased over southern Australia, so that residents are exposed to greater levels of UV radiation and thus to higher levels of skin cancer.

  17. Environmental • Clearing of forests is believed by many to contribute to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and therefore to global warming. • Some of our buildings make us sick; for example, poorly maintained air conditioning systems are linked to legionnaire’s disease. • Some farming practices are unsustainable, contributing to reduced water quality and decreased amounts of land suitable for food production. • High levels of blue-green algae in lakes pose significant health threats for people swimming, boating or waterskiing. • In Australia, six mosquito-borne viruses are major public health threats: Murray Valley encephalitis, kunjin virus, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus. • Poor hygiene practices and unsafe storage of foods can result in major food poisoning outbreaks.

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