Chapter 32 Skin Integrity and Wound Care

1. Chapter 32Skin Integrity and Wound Care

2. Functions of the Skin • Protection • Body temperature regulation • Psychosocial • Sensation • Vitamin D production • Immunologic • Absorption • Elimination

3. Question #1 Tell whether the following statement is true or false. Blood vessels in the skin dilate to dissipate heat. A. True B. False

4. Answer to Question #1 Answer: A. True Rationale: Blood vessels in the skin dilate to dissipate heat.

5. Cross-Section of Normal Skin

6. Factors Affecting the Skin • Unbroken and healthy skin and mucous membranes defend against harmful agents. • Resistance to injury is affected by age, amount of underlying tissues, and illness. • Adequately nourished and hydrated body cells are resistant to injury. • Adequate circulation is necessary to maintain cell life.

7. Developmental Considerations • In children younger than 2 years, the skin is thinner and weaker than it is in adults. • An infant’s skin and mucous membranes are easily injured and subject to infection; a child’s skin becomes increasingly resistant to injury and infection. • The structure of the skin changes as a person ages; the maturation of epidermal cells is prolonged, leading to thin, easily damaged skin. • Circulation and collagen formation are impaired, leading to decreased elasticity and increased risk for tissue damage from pressure.

8. Causes of Skin Alterations • Very thin and very obese people are more susceptible to skin injury. • Fluid loss during illness causes dehydration. • Skin appears loose and flabby. • Excessive perspiration during illness predisposes skin to breakdown. • Jaundice causes yellowish, itchy skin. • Diseases of the skin, such as eczema and psoriasis, may cause lesions that require special care.

9. Types of Wounds • Intentional or unintentional • Open or closed • Acute or chronic • Partial thickness, full thickness, complex

10. Question #2 Which type of wound is caused by a blunt instrument that causes injury to underlying soft tissue with the overlying skin remaining intact? A. Contusion B. Abrasion C. Laceration D. Avulsion

11. Answer to Question #2 Answer: A. Contusion Rationale: A contusion is caused by a blunt instrument and may result in bruising or hematoma. An abrasion is the rubbing or scraping of epidermal layers of skin. A laceration is the tearing of skin and tissue with a blunt or irregular instrument. Avulsion is the tearing of a structure from normal anatomic position.

12. Principles of Wound Healing #1 • Intact skin is the first line of defense against microorganisms. • Careful hand hygiene is used in caring for a wound. • The body responds systematically to trauma of any of its parts. • An adequate blood supply is essential for normal body response to injury. • Normal healing is promoted when the wound is free of foreign material.

13. Principles of Wound Healing #2 • The extent of damage and the person’s state of health affect wound healing. • Response to wound is more effective if proper nutrition is maintained.

14. Phases of Wound Healing • Hemostasis • Inflammatory • Proliferation • Maturation

15. Question #3 In which phase of wound healing is new tissue built to fill the wound space, primarily through the action of fibroblasts? A. Hemostasis B. Inflammatory phase C. Proliferation phase D. Maturation phase

16. Answer to Question #3 Answer: C. Proliferation phase Rationale: In the proliferation phase, granulation tissue is formed to fill the wound. In hemostasis, involved blood vessels constrict and blood clotting begins. In the inflammatory phase, white blood cells move to the wound. In the maturation phase, collagen is remodeled, forming a scar.

17. Hemostasis • Occurs immediately after initial injury • Involved blood vessels constrict and blood clotting begins. • Exudate is formed, causing swelling and pain. • Increased perfusion results in heat and redness. • Platelets stimulate other cells to migrate to the injury to participate in other phases of healing.

18. Inflammatory Phase • Follows hemostasis and lasts about 2 to 3 days • White blood cells, predominantly leukocytes and macrophages, move to the wound . • Macrophages enter the wound area and remain for an extended period. • They ingest debris and release growth factors that attract fibroblasts to fill in the wound. • The patient has a generalized body response.

19. Proliferation Phase • Lasts for several weeks. • New tissue is built to fill the wound space through the action of fibroblasts. • Capillaries grow across the wound. • A thin layer of epithelial cells forms across the wound. • Granulation tissue forms a foundation for scar tissue development.

20. Maturation Phase • Final stage of healing; begins about 3 weeks after the injury, possibly continuing for months or years. • Collagen is remodeled. • New collagen tissue is deposited. • Scar becomes a flat, thin, white line.

21. Local Factors Affecting Wound Healing • Pressure • Desiccation (dehydration) • Maceration (overhydration) • Trauma • Edema • Infection • Excessive bleeding • Necrosis (death of tissue) • Presence of biofilm (thick grouping of microorganisms)

22. Systemic Factors Affecting Wound Healing • Age: children and healthy adults heal more rapidly • Circulation and oxygenation: adequate blood flow is essential • Nutritional status: healing requires adequate nutrition • Wound etiology: specific condition of the wound affects healing • Health status: corticosteroid drugs and postoperative radiation therapy delay healing • Immunosuppression • Medication use • Adherence to treatment plan

23. Wound Complications • Infection • Hemorrhage • Dehiscence and evisceration • Fistula formation

24. Question #4 Which wound complication is caused by overhydration related to urinary and fecal incontinence? A. Necrosis B. Edema C. Desiccation D. Maceration

25. Answer to Question #4 Answer: D. Maceration Rationale: Maceration is caused by overhydration related to incontinence that causes impaired skin integrity. Necrosis is dead tissue present in the wound that delays healing. Edema is swelling at a wound site that interferes with blood supply to the area. Desiccation is the process in which the cells dehydrate and die.

26. Wound Dehiscence and Evisceration

27. Psychological Effects of Wounds • Pain • Anxiety • Fear • Impact on activities of daily living • Change in body image

28. Factors Affecting Pressure injury Development • Aging skin • Chronic illnesses • Immobility • Malnutrition • Fecal and urinary incontinence • Altered level of consciousness • Spinal cord and brain injuries • Neuromuscular disorders

29. Mechanisms in Pressure Injury Development • External pressure compressing blood vessels • Friction or shearing forces tearing or injuring blood vessels

30. Stages of Pressure injuries • Stage 1: nonblanchable erythema of intact skin • Stage 2: partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis • Stage 3: full-thickness skin loss; not involving underlying fascia • Stage 4: full-thickness skin and tissue loss • Unstageable: obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss • Deep tissue pressure injury: persistent nonblanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration

31. Measurement of a Pressure injury • Size of wound • Depth of wound • Presence of undermining, tunneling, or sinus tract

32. Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) PUSH Tool 3.0

33. Question #5 Tell whether the following statement is true or false. A stage 3 pressure injury requires débridement through wet-to-dry dressings, surgical intervention, or proteolytic enzymes. A. True B. False

34. Answer to Question #5 Answer: A. True Rationale: A stage 3 pressure injury requires débridement through wet-to-dry dressings, surgical intervention, or proteolytic enzymes.

35. Cleaning a Pressure Injury/Wound • Clean with each dressing change. • Use new gauze for each wipe and clean from top to bottom and/or from the center to the outside. • Use 0.9% normal saline solution to irrigate and clean the injury. • Once the wound is cleaned, dry the area using a gauze sponge in the same manner • Report any drainage or necrotic tissue.

36. Assessment of Wound Drainage • Serous • Sanguineous • Serosanguineous • Purulent

37. Wound Assessment • Inspection for sight and smell • Palpation for appearance, drainage, and pain • Serous drainage • Sanguineous drainage • Serosanguineous drainage • Purulent drainage • Sutures, drains or tubes, and manifestation of complications

38. Purposes of Wound Dressings • Provide physical, psychological, and aesthetic comfort • Prevent, eliminate, or control infection • Absorb drainage • Maintain moisture balance of the wound • Protect the wound from further injury • Protect the skin surrounding the wound • Debride (remove damaged/necrotic tissue), if appropriate • Stimulate and/or optimize the healing response • Consider ease of use and cost-effectiveness

39. Presence of Infection • Wound is swollen. • Wound is deep red in color. • Wound feels hot on palpation. • Drainage is increased and possibly purulent. • Foul odor may be noted. • Wound edges may be separated, with dehiscence present.

40. Types of Wound Dressings • Telfa • Gauze dressings • Transparent dressings

41. Types of Bandages • Roller bandages • Circular turn • Spiral turn • Figure-of-eight turn

42. Types of Binders • Slings • Abdominal binders • Chest binders • T-binders

43. Type of Drainage Systems • Open systems • Penrose drain • Closed systems • Jackson-Pratt drain • Hemovac drain

44. Penrose Drain

45. Jackson-Pratt Drain

46. Color Classification of Open Wounds • R = red—protect • Y = yellow—cleanse • B = black—débride • Mixed wound—contains components of RY&B wounds

47. Pressure injury Assessment • Risk assessment • Mobility • Nutritional status • Moisture and incontinence • Appearance of existing pressure injury • Pain assessment

48. Topics for Home Health Care Teaching • Supplies • Infection prevention • Wound healing • Appearance of the skin/recent changes • Activity/mobility • Nutrition • Pain • Elimination

49. Factors Affecting the Response to Hot and Cold Treatments • Method and duration of application • Degree of heat and cold applied • Patient’s age and physical condition • Amount of body surface covered by the application

50. Effects of Applying Heat • Dilates peripheral blood vessels • Increases tissue metabolism • Reduces blood viscosity and increases capillary permeability • Reduces muscle tension • Helps relieve pain