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Raymond Cattell

Raymond Cattell. 1905 - 1998. Theory. Credited with developing one of the first comprehensive trait theories of personality that relied strictly on the assessment and quantification of traits. Theory . Personality summarizes a persons traits

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Raymond Cattell

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  1. Raymond Cattell 1905 - 1998

  2. Theory • Credited with developing one of the first comprehensive trait theories of personality that relied strictly on the assessment and quantification of traits

  3. Theory • Personality summarizes a persons traits • “A trait may be defined as that which defines what a person will do when faced with a defined situation”

  4. Theory • Result of both nature and nurture • Constitutional factors • Genetically determined (nervous system arousal) • Environmental-mold factors • Based on environment and experience (values)

  5. Three Classifications of Traits • Stability and permanence traits • Common and unique traits • Ability, temperament, and dynamic traits

  6. Stability and Permanence Traits • Surface Traits • Observable behavior that is most visible evidence of a trait • Manifestation of several source traits which cluster together • May be unstable, impermanent • Less important in describing behavior and personality (but is what is used in factor analysis to determine ones source tratis)

  7. Stability and Permanence Traits • Source Traits • Underlying causes of our consistent behavior and basic factor of personality and which accounts for the uniqueness and diversity of each persons personality • Single, stable, permanent • All have same source traits in differing degrees • 16 in all

  8. Common and Unique Traits • Common Traits • Possessed by everyone to some degree (similar to Allport’s idea) • Ex. Intelligence , Anxiety, Self Concept • Unique Traits • Distinguish us from others • Specific to one person • Particularly apparent in our interests, attitudes, and beliefs

  9. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits • Ability Traits • Skills and abilities in dealing with complex problem solving situations (ex. insightfulness, creativity) • How effectively we work toward our goals • Intelligence is most important • Fluid Intelligence (general) • Crystallized Intelligence (learned)

  10. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits • Temperament Traits • Emotions and feelings • The general tone and emotional style of our behaviors • Easy going • Intense • Help determine our interactions with others and reactions to situations

  11. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits • Dynamic Traits • Driving force (motivation) of behavior • Provides energy and direction of behavior • Are you driven to learn or an underachiever • Define motivations, interests, and ambitions

  12. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits • Dynamic Traits • Two kinds • Ergs (from Greek term for energy ergon) • Innate (constitutional) energy source or driving force for all behaviors • Permanent • Basic units of motivation that direct us toward specific goals • Needs, instincts or drives • Creates: (hunger) • Selective perception • Emotional response • Goal directed behavior • Consummatory response

  13. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits • Ergs • 11 identified • Anger Appeal Protection • Curiosity Disgust Security • Gregariousness Hunger Self-assertion • Self-submission Sex

  14. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits • Dynamic Traits • Two kinds • Meta-ergs (Sentiments) • Learned patterns of behavior (environmental-mold) that focus on important aspects of life • Energy from ergs channeled through these • Can be unlearned and disappear • Divided into: • Sentiments - Areas of importance to us • Attitudes - Specific tendencies and responses toward situations revolving around our sentiments

  15. Personality Development • Infancy (Birth to age 6) • Major formative period for personality • Influenced by: • Parents and siblings • Experiences of weaning and toilet training

  16. Personality Development • Infancy: • Development of : • Social attitudes • Ego and Superego • Security and Insecurity • Attitudes toward authority • Possible tendency toward neuroticism

  17. Personality Development • Childhood (age 6 to 14) • Independence from parents • Identification with peers • Few psychological problems • Adolescence (age 14 to 23) • More troublesome and stressful • Conflicts center on drive for independence, self assertion, and sex • Emotional disorders and delinquency may result

  18. Personality Development • Maturity (age 23 – 50) • Satisfaction with career, marriage and family • Personality becomes less flexible yet more emotional stablity • Late Maturity (age 50 - 65) • Personality changes in response to physical ,social, and psychological changes • Reexamine values and search for a new self

  19. Personality Development • Old Age (age 65+) • Adjustment to loss of friends, spouses, and career • Loss of status in a culture that worships youth • Pervasive sense of loneliness and insecurity

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