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ECE291 Computer Engineering II Lecture 6

ECE291 Computer Engineering II Lecture 6. Josh Potts University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Outline. Program organization NASM directives Multiplication Division Macros. Program Organization.

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ECE291 Computer Engineering II Lecture 6

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  1. ECE291Computer Engineering IILecture 6 Josh Potts University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign

  2. Outline • Program organization • NASM directives • Multiplication • Division • Macros

  3. Program Organization • Create block structure and/or pseudocode on paper to get a clear concept of program control flow and data structures • Break the total program into logical procedures/macros • Use jumps, loops, etc. where appropriate • Use descriptive names for variables • noun_type for types • nouns for variables • verbs for procedures/functions

  4. Debugging Hints • Good program organization helps • Programs do not work the first time • Strategy to find problems • Use DEBUG breakpoints to check program progress • Use COMMENT to temporarily remove sections of code • "print" statements announce milestones in program • Test values/cases • Try forcing registers/variables to test output of a procedure • Use "print" statements to display critical data • Double-check your own logic (Did you miss a special case?) • Try a different algorithm, if all else fails...

  5. NASM Directives • Includes %include “drive:\path\filename” • Definitions • DB/RESB define/reserve byte (8bits) • DW/RESW define/reserve word (16 bits) • DD/RESD define/reserve double word (32 bits) • EQU names a constant • Labels • “.” prefixed “local” to previous non-dotted label • “:” suffix (optional, not required)

  6. NASM Directives(cont.) • Macros • Instead of using procedures, which require both stack and time resources, macros are fast and flexible • Advantages: • speed; no call instruction • readability - easier to understand program function • Drawbacks - • space using the macro multiple times duplicates the code • tricky to debug (in particular when you have nested macros) • Procedures • “name” • use “.” (local) labels inside procedure (helps keep labels unique)

  7. NASM Directives (cont.) • References to procedures • EXTERN “name” – give you access to procedures/variables in other files • GLOBAL “name” – makes your procedures/variables available to other files • Segment definition • SEGMENT “name” [STACK]

  8. Example Program Structure ; ECE291:MPXXX ; In this MP you will develop program which take input ; from the keyboard………… ;====== Constants================================================= ;ASCII values for common characters CR EQU 13 LF EQU 10 ESCKEY EQU 27 ;====== Externals================================================= ; -- LIB291 Routines extern dspmsg, dspout, kbdin extern rsave, rrest, binasc

  9. Example Program Structure (cont.) ;==== LIBMPXXX Routines (Your code will replace calls to these functions) extern LibKbdHandler extern LibMouseHandler extern LibDisplayResult extern MPXXXXIT ;====== Stack ===================================================== stkseg segment stack ; *** STACK SEGMENT *** resb 64*8 ; 64*8 = 512 Bytes of Stack stacktop: ;====== Begin Code/Data============================================ segment CODE ; *** CODE SEGMENT ***

  10. Example Program Structure (cont.) ;====== Variables================================================= inputValid db 0 ; 0: InputBuffer is not ready ; 1: InputBuffer is ready ;-1: Esc key pressed operandsStr db 'Operands: ','$' OutputBuffer 16 times db 0 ; Contains formatted output db ‘$’ ; (Should be terminated with '$') MAXBUFLENGTH EQU 24 InputBuffer MAXBUFLENGTH times db 0 ; Contains one line of db ‘$’ ; user input graphData %include “graphData.dat” ; data GLOBAL OutputBuffer, inputValid, operandsStr GLOBAL graphData

  11. Example Program Structure (cont.) ;====== Procedures =========================================== KbdHandler <Your code here> MouseHandler <Your code here> DisplayResult <Your code here> ;====== Program Initialization =============================== ..start: mov ax, cs ; Use common code & data segment mov ds, ax mov ax, stkseg ; Initialize stack mov ss, ax mov sp, stacktop

  12. Example Program Structure (cont.) ;====== Main Procedure ======================================== MAIN: MOV AX, 0B800h ;Use extra segment to access video screen MOV ES, AX <here comes your main procedure> CALL MPXXXXIT ; Exit to DOS

  13. Multiplication • The product after a multiplication is always a double-width product, e.g, • if we multiply two 16-bit numbers , they generate a 32-bit product • unsigned: (216 - 1) * (216 - 1) = (232 - 2 * 216 + 1 < (232 - 1) • signed: (-215) * (-215) = 230 < (231 - 1) • overflow cannot occur • Modification of Flags • Most flags are undefined after multiplication • O and C flags clear to 0 if the result fit into half-size register • e.g., if the most significant 16 bits of the product are 0, both flags C and O clear to 0

  14. Multiplication (cont.) • Two different instructions for multiplication • MULMultiply unsigned • IMUL Integer Multiply (2’s complement) • Multiplication is performed on bytes, words, or double words • Which operation to perform depends on the size of the multiplier • The multiplier can be any register or any memory location mul cx ; AX * CX (unsigned result in DX--AX);imul word [si] ; AX * [word content of memory location ; addressed by SI] (signed productin DX--AX)

  15. Multiplication(16 bit) The use of the AX (and DX) registers is implied!!!!! Multiplicand AX Multiplier (16-bit register, 16-bit memory variable) DX, AX = PRODUCT (High word in DX : Low word in AX)

  16. Multiplication (cont.) • 8086/8088 microprocessors do not allowto perform immediate multiplication • 80286, 80386, and 80486 allow the immediate multiplication by using a special version of the multiply instruction • Immediate multiplication must be signed multiplication and contains three operands • 16-bit destination register • register or memory location that contains 16-bit multiplicand • 8-bit or 16-bit immediate data used as a multiplier imul cx, dx, 12h ;multiplies 12h * DX and leaves ;16-bit signed product in CX

  17. Multiplication • 8-bit multiplication Multiplicand AL Multiplier (8-bit register, 8-bit memory variable) AX PRODUCT • 32-bit multiplication Multiplicand EAX Multiplier (32-bit register, 32-bit memory variable) EDX, EAX PRODUCT (High word in EDX : Low word in EAX) • 32-bit multiplication is available only on 80386 and above

  18. Binary Multiplication • Long Multiplication is done through shifts and additions • This works if both numbers are positive • To multiply a negative numbers, the CPU will store the sign bits of the numbers, make both numbers positive, compute the result, then negate the result if necessary 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 (98) x 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 (37) ------------------------- 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 - - 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 - - - - - (3626)

  19. Division • X / Y = Q; R X Dividend Y Divisor Q Quotient R Remainder Note: Remainder has the same sign as X (Dividend) Examples (Signed Integers) X / Y Q R 9 / 4 2 1 -9 / 4 -2 -1 9 / -4 -2 1 -9 / -4 2 -1

  20. Division (cont.) • Two different instructions for division • DIVDivision unsigned • IDIV Integer Division (2’s complement) • Division is performed on bytes, words, or double words • Which operation to perform depends on the size of the divisor • The dividend is always a double-width dividend that is divided by the operand (divisor) • The divisor can be any register or any memory location

  21. Division(32-bit/16-bit) The use of the AX (and DX) registers is implied!!!!! Dividend DX, AX (high word in DX, low word in AX) Divisor (16-bit register, 16-bit memory variable) Quotient AX Remainder DX

  22. Division (cont.) • 16-bit/8-bit Dividend AX Divisor (8-bit register, 8-bit memory variable) Quotient AL Remainder AH • 64-bit/32-bit Dividend EDX, EAX (high double word in EDX, low double word in EAX) Divisor (32-bit register, 32-bit memory variable) Quotient EAX Remainder EDX • Available on 80386 and above

  23. Division (cont.) • Division of two equally sized words • Prepare the dividend • Unsigned numbers: move zero into high order-word • Signed numbers: use signed extension (implicitly uses AL, AX, DX registers) to fill high-word with ones or zeros • CBW(convert byte to word) AX = xxxx xxxx snnn nnnn (before) AX = ssss ssss snnn nnnn (after) • CWD(convert word to double) DX:AX = xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx snnn nnnn nnnn nnnn (before) DX:AX = ssss ssss ssss ssss snnn nnnn nnnn nnnn (after) • CWDE(convert double to double-word extended) - 80386 and above

  24. Division (cont.) • Flag settings • none of the flag bits change predictably for a division • A division can result in two types of errors • divide by zero • divide overflow (a small number divides into a large number), e.g., 3000 / 2 • AX = 3000; • Devisor is 2 => 8 bit division is performed • Quotient will be written to AL => but 1500 does not fit into AL • consequently we have divide overflow • in both cases microprocessor generates interrupt (interrupts are covered later in this course)

  25. Division (Example) Division of the byte contents of memory NUMB by the contents of NUMB1 Unsigned MOV AL, [NUMB] ;get NUMB MOV AH, 0 ;zero extend DIV byte [NUMB1] MOV [ANSQ], AL ;save quotient MOV [ANSR], AH ;save remainder Signed MOV AL, [NUMB] ;get NUMB CBW ;signed-extend IDIV byte [NUMB1] MOV [ANSQ], AL ;save quotient MOV [ANSR], AH ;save remainder

  26. Division (cont.) • What do we do with remainder after division? • use the remainder to round the result • drop the remainder to truncate the result • if the division is unsigned, rounding requires that remainder is compared with half the divisor to decide whether to round up the quotient • e.g., sequence of instructions that divide AX by BL and round the result DIV BL ADD AH, AH ;double remainder CMP AH, BL ;test for rounding JB .NEXT INC AL .NEXT:

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