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Ch 16

Ch 16. Absolutism. Sec 1. Hapsburg Empire. Who: Charles V, Philip II, Ferdinand What: empire that included the Holy Roman Empire & the Netherlands Where: Spain & Netherlands When: 1519-1700

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Ch 16

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  1. Ch 16 Absolutism

  2. Sec 1

  3. Hapsburg Empire • Who: Charles V, Philip II, Ferdinand • What: empire that included the Holy Roman Empire & the Netherlands • Where: Spain & Netherlands • When: 1519-1700 • Why: there was too much land to defend so Charles V broke up his lands & divided the empire b.n his brother and son

  4. Charles V • Who: ruler of the Hapsburg Empire • What: ruled the Hapsburg Empire, • Where: Spain • When:1519 • Why: fought to suppress Protestantism in the German states; always involved in constant religious warfare; went into monastery b.c. he was disillusioned by the enormous empire he had to rule; broke up his lands & divided the Hapsburg Empire

  5. Philip II • Who: Spanish ruler • What: he expanded the Spanish influence & strengthened the Catholic church • Where: Spain • When: 1550-1600 • Why: he centralized power to make his power absolute; saw himself as guardian of the Catholic church;

  6. Absolute Monarch • Who: Philip II, Henry VIII, Louis XIV, Catherine the Great • What: ruler with absolute authority over the government • Where: Europe • When: 1500s-1700s • Why: these rulers had complete control over their people & countries; they ruled by Divine Right which justified their absolute power = ppl had no rights

  7. Divine Right • Who: Absolute monarchs (Philip II, Louis XIV) • What: authority to rule is given from God • Where: Europe • When: 1500-1700s • Why: Absolute monarchs asserted that they ruled by this- the will of God; since God put these monarchs in their place- they had absolute power

  8. Armada • Who: Spanish • What: fleet that had 20,000 men and 130 ships that sailed to England to invade • Where: Spain to England • When: 1588 • Why: Philip II wanted the Armada to invade England; the Armada lost b.c of winds in the English channel= this defeat led to England becoming #1 power in Europe

  9. El Greco • Who: famous Greek painter • What: painted religious & spiritual paintings of Spanish nobles • Where: Spain, Italy & Greece • When: 1550-1650 • Why: was a large influential figure during Spain’s golden age; court painter to Philip IV

  10. Miguel de Cervantes • Who: Spanish writer • WhaT: wrote Europe’s first modern novel Don Quixote • Where: Spain • When: 1550-1650 • Why: his novel mocked medieval tales of chivalry; it depicts both foolish & heroic idealism

  11. Section 2

  12. Huguenots • Who: • What: French Protestants • Where: France • When: 1560-1590 • Why: a plot by the Catholic royals led to the massacre of 3000 Huguenots= symbolized the complete breakdown of France

  13. Henry IV • Who: King of France, Huguenot • What: French prince also a Huguenot , inherited the throne as Henry IV • Where: France • When: 1589 • Why: he fought against Catholic opposition for control of France; to end the conflict he converted to Catholic & then allowed religious tolerance with the Edict of Nantes

  14. Edict of Nantes • Who: Louis XIV, Huguenots • What: a document for Huguenots that gave them religious freedom • Where: France • When: 1598 • Why: this granted religious toleration and freedom = numerous religions were allowed in France, brought peace to France & ended religious fighting

  15. Cardinal Richilieu • Who: Louis XIV’s chief minister, Catholic Cardinal • WhaT: cunning capable leader that devoted 18 yrs to strengthening the French central gov’t • Where: France • When: 1624 • Why: he sought to destroy the Huguenots (Protestants) & nobles- outlawed their armies & smashed their cities;

  16. Louis XIV • Who: French King, “The Sun King” • WHaT: governed France himself, believed in Divine Right to Rule • Where: France • When: 1643-1715 • Why: expanded the bureaucracy & appointed intendants = cemented ties to middle class, built an army; emphasized his own importance = levee; classical age= sponsored French academics; made France strongest state in Europe

  17. Intendant • Who: French officials • What: Royal officials that collected taxes for Louis XIV • Where: France • When: 1600s • Why: appointed by Louis XIV to cement ties with the wealthy middle class so he could focus on taking power away from the nobles

  18. Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Who: King Louis XIV’s finance minister • What: imposed Mercantilist policies to bolster the economy • Where: France • When: 1600s • Why: helped Louis XIV secure his ties w. France’s middle class & stabilize the economy; he put tariffs on imported goods, fostered overseas colonies, regulated trade w. colonies; helped make France wealthiest in Europe

  19. Versailles • Who: Louis XIV • What: a hunting lodge that Louis XIV turned into the most magnificent palace in Europe • Where: France • When: 1600s • Why: served as a symbol of king Louis XIV’s wealth & power as the “Sun King”; ceremonies honoring the king were held here; made nobles live here in order to control them

  20. Levee • Who: French & King Louis XIV • What: a ceremony honoring the king; means “the rising” • Where: France • When: 1600s • Why: Louis XIV made nobles at court serve the him & swear fealty to him in these ceremonies= showed his absolute power

  21. Balance of power • Who: Louis XIV (French), Dutch, English • What: keeping balance amongst European nations so no one nation became too powerful • Where: Europe • When: 1713 • Why: rival rulers joined forces to sotp Louis XIV from expanding France’s borders & taking over Europe= balance kept any one power from controlling the whole continent

  22. Section 3

  23. James I • Who: the first Stuart monarch • What: agreed to rule according to the English laws • Where: England • When: 1600s • Why: he lectured Parliament about Divine Right; repeatedly clashed w. Parliament over money & foreign policy ; clashed w. dissenters

  24. Dissenter • Who: Protestants vs. James I • What: protestants that differed with the Church of England • Where: England • When: 1600s • Why: Puritans called for simpler service w.o bishops; James I rejected their demands & they fled England for religious freedom

  25. Puritan • Who: James I, Church of England • What: one group of dissenters that sought to purify the church of Catholic practices • Where: England • When: 1603-1625 • Why: James rejected their demands for a simpler service & more democratic services w.o bishops = they fled England for America & religious freedom

  26. Charles I • Who: King of England • What: behaved like an absolute monarch & made England mad • Where: England • When: 1625-1649 • Why: his behavior caused probs w. Parliament = English Civil War = he was beheaded = England had a dictatorship

  27. Oliver Cromwell • Who: • What: • Where: England • When: • Why:

  28. English Bill of Rights • Who: • What: • Where: England • When: • Why:

  29. Limited Monarchy • Who: • What: • Where: England • When: • Why:

  30. Constitutional Government • Who: British, Germans • What: a gov’t whose power is defined & limited by law, by a constitution • Where: England • When: 1600s-now • Why: supported broad royal powers & a dominant Anglican church; reflected business interest, support religious toleration & favor Parliament over the crown

  31. Cabinet • Who: George I, George II, English • What: handful of Parliament advisors who set policies • Where: England • When: 1600-1700s • Why: set policies in a small room= cabinet= gaoined official status; head= prime Minister, leader of majority party= countries later adopted & adapted this cabinet system= we have one today

  32. Oligarchy • Who: • What: • Where: • When: • Why:

  33. Section 4

  34. elector • Who: German princes • What: German princes who in theory the states were ruled by the Holy Roman Empire who was chosen by seven leading german princes • Where: Germany • When: 1618-1648 • Why: the Emperor had little power over the electors= this power vacuum led to 30 years war; religion further divided the German states= north Protestant, south= Catholic

  35. Ferdinand • Who: Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia • What: sought to suppress Protestants and to assert royal power over nobles • Where: Bohemia, present day Czech Republic • When: 1618 • Why: he declared royal power over nobles = started 30 years war; Defenestration of Prague= started the war

  36. Mercenary • Who: soldiers for hire • What: burned villages, destroyed crops, & killed w/o mercy • Where: German states • When: 1618-1648 • Why: when a ruler or someone who could pay for it wanted an army = hire mercernaries = they destroyed Europe’s population by destroying villages & their people

  37. Depopulation • Who: European people • What: reduction in population • Where: Germany • When: 1550-1800 • Why: as many as 1/3 of the population in the German states died as a result of Mercenary armies during the 30 years war

  38. Peace of Westphalia • Who: Austrians • What: treaty that brought peace to Europe after the 30 years war & settled international problems • Where: Austria • When: 1648 • Why: Austria became a strong Catholic state w. new Protestant power; in this treaty German lands were divided which broke up German power

  39. Maria Theresa • Who: Hapsburg Empress • What: intelligent & capable female ruler • Where: Austria • When: 1717-1780 • Why: she strengthened Hapsburg power; forced nobles & clergy to pay taxes; was involved in the war of Austrian Succession

  40. War of the Austrian Succession • Who: Maria Theresa (Austrians & Hungarians) vs. Prussians • What: a conflict over who should succeed to the Austrian throne b.c. a woman had never ruled before • WherE: Prussia v. Austria • When: 1740-1748 • Why:

  41. Prussia • Who: Hohenzollern family, Prussians • What: a region called Prussia, emerged as a new Protestant power- family ruled scattered lands across N. Germany • Where: Prussia • When: 1600-1700s • Why: following the Peace of Westphalia after 30 years war= ambitious Hohenzollern rulers uniting their holdings= unified Prussia= became one of the most powerful countries in Europe

  42. Frederick William I • Who:Prussian ruler • What: he gained loyalty of Prussian nobles called Junkers • Where: Prussia • When: 1713 • Why: he reduced the nob les’ independence & increased his own control; placed great emphasis on military, trained one of the best military’s in Europe

  43. Frederick William II • Who: Prussian ruler, son of Frederick I • What: Prussian ruler who came to power after his father in 1713 & well trained in war • WherE: Prussia • When: 1713-1740 • Why: boldly seized Silesia from Austrian Succession; forced all to recognize Prussia as a great power= called Frederick the Great

  44. Sec 5

  45. Peter the Great • Who: Romanov Tsar of Russia • What: transformed Russia into a leading power in the world; helped modernize Russia • Where: Russia • When: 1689-1725 • Why: he began a new policy of Westernization of culture; was an autocratic monarch that enforced his policies; brought all Russian institutions under his control; built St. Petersburg; expanded Russian borders; left a mixed legacy w. no heirs

  46. Westernization • Who: Peter the Great • What: the adoption of western ideas, technology, & culture in Russia • Where: Russia • When: 1697 • Why: Peter went to extreme measures to westernize Russia= mixed feelings about his rule; persuading Russians to change their ways= difficult but his absolute power made them; imported W. technology & brought W.. Education; simplified the alphabet; brought European culture to Russia (clothes, etc), set up academies for studying

  47. Autocratic • Who: monarchs • What: one who ruled with unlimited authority • Where: Russia & Europe • When: 1600s • Why: Peter became the most Autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs = no one had rights or authority except the autocratic ruler

  48. Boyar • Who: Russian nobles • What: landowning nobles that served the state in civilian/military positions • Where: Russia • When: 1600s • Why: Peter wanted to strengthen the military = he forced the Boyars to serve civilian & military positions; he made them shave their beards & change their old fashioned robes w. Western clothes; Boyars still retained control over their lands

  49. Warm-water port • Who: Peter the Great & Catherine the Great • What: a port free of ice 24/7 • Where: Russia, Black Sea • When: 1622-1629 • Why: Russian ports froze during winter = they couldn’t trade; to trade year round = needed warm water port; he wanted to gain control of it by defeating Ottoman Empire but failed to do so; later= Catherine the Great got it

  50. St. Petersburg • Who: Peter the Great • What: a magnificent new capital city named after Peter; “Window to the West” • Where: Russia • When: 1709 • Why: this became a great symbol of Peter the Great’s effort to forge a modern Russia; this opened a new window to the West; he forced the Serfs to create this city; Italian architecture made the city Western

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