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Star Marianas Air, Inc.

Star Marianas Air, Inc. Initial New Hire Part I – Basic Indoctrination Section 2- Airman Specific D. Meteorology. Before We Start. Complete Class Roster Cell Phones OFF 10 Minutes Break every hour 1 Hour Class. Meteorology and Hazardous Weather. METEOROLOGY OVERVIEW.

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Star Marianas Air, Inc.

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  1. Star Marianas Air, Inc. Initial New Hire Part I – Basic Indoctrination Section 2- Airman Specific D. Meteorology

  2. Before We Start • Complete Class Roster • Cell Phones OFF • 10 Minutes Break every hour • 1 Hour Class

  3. Meteorology and Hazardous Weather

  4. METEOROLOGYOVERVIEW BASIC WEATHER DEFINITIONS TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, WINDS ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE AND CLOUDS THUNDERSTORMS ICING WINDSHEAR

  5. BASIC WEATHER DEFINITIONS • Surface Visibility • Prevailing Visibility • Tower Visibility • RVR • AWOS • ASOS • Inversion • SIGMET • AIRMET • CWA • Weather Watch • Weather Warning • Sig Low Lvl Prog • Sig Hi Lvl Prog

  6. DEFINITIONS Surface Visibility: horizontal distance at which a predetermined object can be seen and recognized in ambient light (determined at usual point of observation) Tower Visibility: surface visibility observed from tower Prevailing Visibility: surface visibility equaled or exceeded in half or more of the horizon circle (not necessarily continuous)

  7. DEFINITIONS RVR (Runway Visual Range): distance at which a high intensity runway light can be seen SFC VIS vs TWR VIS: when surface vis at usual obs point or tower is less than 4 miles, the lower of the two is used as prevailing and is reported in the visibility section of observation (higher of the two is included in “Remarks” section of observation)

  8. DEFINITIONS • AWOS = Automated Weather Observing System • Designed to transmit local weather observation directly to pilot (computer generated) • Available by voice only via radio or telephone • not available from any other source • AWOS access published in Airport/Facility Directory and in appropriate Instrument Approach Procedures • See AIM for format, etc.

  9. DEFINITIONS • ASOS = Automated Surface Observation System • Primary surface weather observation system in the US. • 1700 systems programmed for the US. • Used for METAR and SPECI reports • Available on all weather data systems and ATIS • See AIM for format and use

  10. DEFINITIONS • Inversion = Characterized by an increase of temperature with height rather than a decrease • AWW = Severe Weather Forecast Alert • a preliminary message issued to alert users that a Severe Weather Bulletin is being issued • Convective SIGMET = Issued only for thunderstorms and related phenomena

  11. DEFINITIONS • Convective SIGMETs issued for: • Tornadoes • Lines of thunderstorms • Embedded thunderstorms • Areas of thunderstorms of level 4 intensity or higher and coverage is 40 percent or more of the area • Wind gusts of 50kts or more and/or hail equal to or greater than 3/4 inch

  12. DEFINITIONS • SIGMET = Issued for the following hazardous weather • Severe or extreme turbulence not associated with thunderstorms • Mountain wave or CAT • Severe icing not associated with thunderstorms • Widespread duststorms, sandstorms or volcanic ash lowering inflight visibility's to less than 3 miles • Volcanic eruptions

  13. DEFINITIONS • AIRMET = Issued for the following potentially hazardous weather • Moderate Icing • Moderate Turbulence • Sustained surface winds of 30 knots or more • Widespread ceilings and/or visibilities less than 1000/3 • Extensive mountain obscurement

  14. DEFINITIONS • CWA = Center Weather Advisory issued for the following weather conditions • Supplements an existing SIGMET, Convective SIGMET, AIRMET or FA (area forecast) • When the above have not been issued but reported conditions (PIREPS, etc.) meet SIGMET or AIRMET criteria • When actual or forecast conditions do not meet SIGMET or AIRMET criteria, but reports indicate weather will adversely affect flight ops

  15. DEFINITIONS • WEATHER WATCH = Issued when the potential for severe weather exists • WEATHER WARNING = Issued when actual severe weather is occurring • Severe Weather Criteria • Thunderstorms: Surface wind equal to or greater than 50kts and/or 3/4 inch or larger hail • Tornadoes

  16. DEFINITIONS • SIG HIGH LEVEL PROG CHART = Prognostic (forecast) chart that covers altitude range from FL240 (400mb) to FL630 (70mb) and contains the following: • Location, height and speed of jet streams (polar and subtropical) • Height of tropopause • Areas of • CB (thunderstorm) tops • moderate or greater turbulence • Position of fronts at the surface • Tropical cyclones, widespread dust/sand storms, severe squall lines

  17. FlightSafety AVIATION METHODS, INC. international SIG HI LVL PROG

  18. DEFINITIONS • SIG LOW LVL PROG CHART • Prognostic (forecast) chart that covers altitude range from Sfc to FL240 (400mb) and contains the following • Height of freezing level • In flight icing • Turbulence • Low IFR (less than 500/1) • IFR (500/1 to 1000/3)

  19. FlightSafety AVIATION METHODS, INC. international SIG LOW LVL PROG

  20. SUMMARY--DEFINITIONS • Surface Visibility • Prevailing Visibility • Tower Visibility • RVR • AWOS • ASOS • Inversion • SIGMET • AIRMET • CWA • Weather Watch • Weather Warning • Sig Low Lvl Prog • Sig Hi Lvl Prog

  21. TemperaturePressureWinds

  22. TEMPERATURE • Free Air Temperature: Actual air temperature • also known as: ambient air temp, environmental air temp, real air temp • Cold vs Warm Air: Relative. No set value that makes air cold or warm • Air is cold in an area if surrounding temperatures are warmer • Air is warm in an area if surrounding temperatures are colder

  23. TEMPERATURE • Temperature decreases with height through the Troposphere • Varies in depth with time, latitude, season • Temperature remains constant through the Tropopause • Varies in thickness with time, latitude, season • Temperature increases with height through the Stratosphere

  24. PRESSURE • PRESSURE = mass of air in a column of air with its base at a given altitude and the top extending to the top of the atmosphere • Pressure is always a maximum at the earth’s surface • Pressure always decreases with height • Pressure at any altitude is the mass of air in the column above that altitude

  25. PRESSURE Station Pressure: actual atmospheric pressure observed at field elevation Sea Level Pressure: station pressure corrected to sea level using average temperature for last 12 hours Altimeter Setting: station pressure corrected to sea level using standard temperature lapse rate

  26. PRESSURE AND ALTITUDE PRESSURE (MB)HEIGHT (FT MSL) 1000 400 850 5000 700 10000 500 18000 400 24000 300 30000 250 34000 200 39000 100 53000 70 63000

  27. PRESSURE • High vs Low Pressure: relative. No set value above or below which makes an area of pressure a high or a low • An area of pressure is a low if the surrounding pressure values are higher • also referred to as a “trough” or “trof” • An area of pressure is a high if the surrounding pressure values are lower • also referred to as a “ridge” • Meteorological terms for low and high are “cyclone” and “anticyclone” respectively

  28. PRESSURE • Pressure is a function of temperature • a change in temperature produces a change in pressure • Cold air moving into a low pressure at a given altitude will lower or decrease the pressure at that altitude • Warm air moving into a high pressure at a given altitude will raise the pressure at that altitude

  29. WIND • Wind is a function of pressure • Orientation of pressure pattern determines direction • Counter clockwise around a low or trof in Northern Hemisphere • Clockwise around a high or ridge in Northern Hemisphere • Horizontal pressure difference (gradient) determines speed • greater the difference the stronger the speed

  30. WIND Jet: a wind speed of 50 knots or stronger at any altitude Jet Core: the area that contains the maximum wind speed at any altitude Polar Jet: the northernmost band of maximum wind at the tropopause Subtropical Jet: the southernmost band of maximum wind at the tropopause

  31. SUMMARY--TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND WINDS • Definitions, Concepts and Relationships of • Temperature • Pressure • Wind • Knowledge of meaning and relationships is essential

  32. FlightSafety international Atmospheric Moisture and Clouds

  33. ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE • Three Types of Atmospheric Moisture • Solid • Liquid • Ordinary • Supercooled • Gas (Vapor)

  34. ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE • Solid • Ice Crystals, Snow, Ice Pellets, Hail • Liquid • Ordinary • Rain, Drizzle, Fog • Super Cooled (Liquid but Temperature below freezing) • Freezing Rain, Freezing Drizzle, Ice Fog • Gas (Vapor) • Relative Humidity

  35. ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE • Supercooled Water: in the liquid state but its actual temperature is below freezing • Occurs as result of rapid temperature drop, usually the result of pressure expansion • Freezes instantly upon contact with any object or surface whose actual temperature is at or below freezing • is the source of freezing precipitation as well as aircraft icing

  36. ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE • Gaseous Water (Vapor) • Relative Humidity (RH) one method of indicating amount of water vapor • Defined as actual amount of water vapor in the air divided by the amount of water vapor the air can hold at a given temperature • RH is a function of temperature • RH changes with temperature change • RH changes with water vapor change • Moist air is less dense (lighter) than dry air

  37. ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE • Two temperatures associated with water vapor • Dew Point: the temperature to which air must be lowered for condensation (gas to liquid) to occur • Wet Bulb: the temperature to which air can be lowered by evaporating (liquid to gas) water into the air • Both used as indicators of water vapor in the air

  38. SIGNIFICANCE OF DEW POINT TEMPERATURE • 5 Deg C or less difference between air temp and dew point • Relative humidity is high • At surface: fog dew or frost may form • Risk increases as difference decreases • Upper air: condensation may occur (liquid water appearing), frost (ice) may occur • Dew point can be used as estimate of early morning low temperature

  39. SIGNIFICANCE OF WET BULB TEMPERATURE • Indicates what air temperature will become if evaporation is taking place • If wet bulb is below freezing, ice can form even if air temperature is above freezing • Can play a significant role in aircraft ground icing • Dew point temperature can be used as an approximation of wet bulb

  40. CLOUDS • Two basic types of clouds • Stratiform: smooth bases and tops, comes as a layer or multiple layers • Cumuliform: tall, billowy, not layered • Can become imbedded in stratiform clouds

  41. STRATIFORM CLOUDS • Form in stable air • Vertical motion is relatively small in magnitude and limited in vertical extent • Size of cloud droplets are relatively small • Contain both ordinary and super-cooled water drops as well as ice crystals • Produce non-showery precipitation • Drizzle, Freezing Drizzle • Rain, Freezing Rain • Snow, Snow Grains, Sleet, Ice Pellets

  42. CUMULIFORM CLOUDS • Form in unstable air • Vertical motion can be quite strong and extensive in height • Size of cloud drops can range from small to extremely large • Contain both ordinary and supercooled water as well as ice crystals and hail • Produce showery precipitation with or without lightning and thunder • Precipitation includes • Rain, Snow, Hail

  43. SUMMARY--ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE AND CLOUDS Types of Atmospheric Moisture Dew Point and Wet Bulb Temperatures Stratiform and Cumuliform clouds

  44. ThunderstormsandAvoidance

  45. THUNDERSTORMSAND AVOIDANCE Basic Types Severe Classification Characteristics of Each Type Avoidance Criteria

  46. THUNDERSTORMS • TWO BASIC TYPES • AIRMASS • SQUALL LINE (NON-AIRMASS) • ALL THUNDERSTORMS IMPLY • HAIL, SEVERE TO EXTREME TURBULENCE, SEVERE TO EXTREME CLEAR OR MIXED ICE

  47. SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS • ANY THUNDERSTORM (AIR MASS OR SQUALL LINE) IS SEVERE IF • FORECAST OR ACTUAL SURFACE WIND EQUALS OR EXCEEDS 50 KNOTS • FORECAST OR ACTUAL HAIL AT SURFACE EQUALS OR EXCEEDS 3/4 INCH • FORECAST OR ACTUAL TORNADO • ABOVE CONDITIONS ARE “AND/OR”

  48. AIR MASS THUNDERSTORMS TRIGGERED BY SURFACE HEATING OR OROGRAPHIC (TERRAIN) LIFTING USUALLY EXIST AS SINGLE CELL, SOMETIMES AS A LOOSE CLUSTER USUALLY NOT SEVERE AT SURFACE CAN PRESENT SIGNIFICANT HAZARD TO ALL AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT

  49. SQUALL LINE THUNDERSTORMS • TRIGGERED BY FRONTS OR TROUGHS (TROFS) • CELLS FORM IN LINES ORIENTED PARALLEL TO FRONT OR TROUGH • LINE MOVES IN SAME DIRECTION AS FRONT OR TROUGH • CELLS MOVE WITH 500MB (18000FT) WIND AT HALF THE SPEED • TOPS OF CELLS OFTEN EXTEND INTO STRATOSPHERE (OVERSHOOTING)

  50. SQUALL LINE THUNDERSTORMS LINES AVERAGE 150NM LONG BY 25 TO 50 NM WIDE CELLS ARE FREQUENTLY SEVERE CELLS OFTEN PRODUCE TORNADOS ALWAYS PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT INFLIGHT HAZARDS MUST ABSOLUTELY BE AVOIDED

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