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Ancient Philosophers

Ancient Philosophers. A Study-Guide. Click on a group of philosophers to learn more!. Pre-Socratics. Thales Anaximenes Anaximander Heraclitus. Thales. Believes God is just and expects men to behave justly World originates from water Attributed natural phenomena to gods

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Ancient Philosophers

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  1. Ancient Philosophers A Study-Guide

  2. Click on a group of philosophers to learn more!

  3. Pre-Socratics • Thales • Anaximenes • Anaximander • Heraclitus

  4. Thales • Believes God is just and expects men to behave justly • World originates from water • Attributed natural phenomena to gods • Fire, for example, is moved to hotness by the daemon of fire

  5. Anaximenes • Air is the source of all existence • Everything is air, at different degrees of density • Condensations of air produced the sun and stars

  6. Anaximander • Believes in the Apeiron, an unlimited primordial mass • This concept is the source of everything that can be perceived • It embraced the opposites of hot and cold, wet and dry

  7. Heraclitus • Disagreed with the other pre-Socratic philosophers • Claimed that the nature of everything is change itself • Believed in the unity of opposites: Good and bad are equals

  8. The Great Masters • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle

  9. Socrates • Believed in virtue; that men should focus on self-development and not personal wealth • Discusses reincarnation • Learning is a process of recalling “innate knowledge”

  10. Plato • Wrote dialogues featuring Socrates as a central character • It is unknown how much of his writing is Socrates’ point-of-view and how much is his own • Discusses democracy

  11. Aristotle • Student of Plato • Five elements: Fire, water, earth, air, and aether (divine substance) • Focused on finding the mean between two extremes • True virtue is found in the mean

  12. Epicureans • Epicurus • Philodemus • Lucretius

  13. Epicurus • All good and bad are derived from sensations of pleasure and pain • Death is not to be feared • When we die, we no longer exist and we feel nothing • Advocated living in seclusion

  14. Philodemus • Claims that anger is natural • The trick is to express or handle one’s anger • Anger and hunger are both inevitable

  15. Lucretius • Against superstition and fear of the gods • Death is the dissipation of a man’s material mind • Value of life is something that only matters during life

  16. Stoics • Epictetus • Zeno • Marcus Aurelius

  17. Epictetus • Held that our aim was to be masters of our own lives • Eudaimonia (happiness or flourishing • Eudaimonia is achieved by living virtuously, in accordance with reason

  18. Zeno • Emphasized self-control and detachment from emotions • Overcome the outside world and find peace with one’s self • Regarded society as unruly and unreasonable

  19. Marcus Aurelius • Did not believe in the afterlife • Even legends will fade into oblivion • Death is desirable, because it brings an end to all desires

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