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IEEE 1058 SPMP

IEEE 1058 SPMP. Project summary Purpose, scope and objectives Assumptions and constraints Project deliverables Schedule and budget summary Evolution of the plan References Definitions Project organization External interfaces Internal structure Roles and responsibilities.

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IEEE 1058 SPMP

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  1. IEEE 1058 SPMP • Project summary • Purpose, scope and objectives • Assumptions and constraints • Project deliverables • Schedule and budget summary • Evolution of the plan • References • Definitions • Project organization • External interfaces • Internal structure • Roles and responsibilities

  2. IEEE 1058 SPMP • Managerial process plans • Start-up plan • Estimation plan • Staffing plan • Resource acquisition plan • Project staff training plan • Work plan • Work activities • Schedule allocation • Resource allocation • Budget allocation • Control plan • Requirements control plan • Schedule control plan • Budget control plan • Quality control plan • Reporting plan • Metrics collection plan • Risk management plan • Closeout plan

  3. IEEE 1058 SPMP • Technical process plans • Process model • Methods, tools and techniques • Infrastructure plan • Product acceptance plan • Supporting process plans • Configuration management plan • Verification and validation plan • Documentation plan • Quality assurance plan • Reviews and audits • Problem resolution plan • Subcontractor management plan • Process improvement plan • Additional plans The SQAP is a sub-document of the SPMP

  4. Theories of Management

  5. Theories of Management CLASSICAL THEORIES SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

  6. Taylor’s 4 Principles ofScientific Management • Scientifically study each part of a task and develop the best method for performing the task • Carefully select workers and train them to perform the task by using the scientifically developed method

  7. Taylor’s 4 Principles ofScientific Management • Cooperate fully with workers to ensure that they use the proper method • Divide work and responsibility so that management is responsible for planning work methods using scientific principles and workers are responsible for executing the work accordingly

  8. Theories of Management BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES HAWTHORNE STUDIES

  9. Behavioural Theories Emphasise the importance of attempting to understand the various factors that affect human behaviour in organisations.

  10. The Hawthorne Studies A group of studies conducted at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company during the late 1920’s and early 1930’s

  11. Hawthorne Studies Researchers monitored the productivity of five women who assembled electrical relays for several years.

  12. Theories of Management BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES HUMAN RELATIONS

  13. Self Actualisation Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Self Esteem Social Needs Safety & Security Needs Basic Needs

  14. Theory X & Theory Y Theory X • The average person dislikes work and will try to avoid it. • Most people need to be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to work towards organisational goals. • The average person WANTS to be directed, shuns responsibility, has little ambition, and seeks security above all.

  15. Theory X & Theory Y Theory Y • Most people do not inherently dislike work; it is seen as natural as recreation and rest. • People will exercise self-direction and self-control to reach goals to which they are committed. • Commitment to goals is a function of the rewards available; particularly esteem and self-actualisation needs.

  16. Theory X & Theory Y Theory Y • When conditions are favourable, the average person learns not only to accept responsibility, but also to seek it. • Many people have the capacity to exercise a high degree of creativity and innovation in solving organisation problems. • The intellectual potential of most individuals is only partially utilised in most organisations.

  17. Theories of Management QUANTITATIVE THEORIES MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

  18. Management InformationSystems Focuses on designing and implementing computer-based information systems for use by management. These systems turn raw data into information that is useful to various levels of management.

  19. Theories of Management CONTEMPORARY THEORIES SYSTEMS THEORY

  20. Systems Theory Based on the idea that organisations can be visualised as systems System A set of interrelated parts that operate as a whole in pursuit of common goals

  21. Systems Theory Developed through the sciences of Biology and Physical Science

  22. Outcomes • Products • Services • Profit & Losses • Employee Growth & Satisfaction • Resources • Human • Materials • Equipment • Finance • Information • Abilities • Planning • Organising • Leading • Control • Technology Inputs Transformation Processes Outputs Feedback from Environment

  23. Open vs. Closed Systems Closed System A system that does little or no interacting with its environment and receives little feedback Open System A system that operates in continual interaction with its environment

  24. Theories of Management CONTEMPORARY THEORIES CONTINGENCY THEORY

  25. Contingency Theory A viewpoint that argues that appropriate managerial action depends on the circumstances of the situation. In other words ……….. there is no single right way to manage

  26. Contingency Theory Contingency View Appropriate managerial action depends on situation Situation A Universal Management Principals Situation C Situation B

  27. What should a Manager be? A Leader

  28. Leadership Think of a person who you consider a leader What traits (attributes, characteristics) can you identify as central to their leadership?

  29. Leadership Drive Leadership Motivation Integrity Self-confidence Knowledge of the Business

  30. Central to effective leadership is ……………….. INFLUENCE …….. that is, the ability to influence other people

  31. Authority Control over Rewards Control over Punishments Appealing Personal Characteristics Expertise Sources of Power Influence

  32. Legitimate Influence Power that stems from a position’s placement in the managerial hierarchy and the authority vested in the position.

  33. Reward Influence Power that is based on the capacity to control and provide valued rewards to others.

  34. Coercive Influence Power that depends on the ability to punish others when they do not engage in desired behaviour.

  35. Expert Influence Power that is based on the possession of expertise that is valued by others.

  36. Information Influence Power that results from access to and control over the distribution of important information about organisational operations and future plans.

  37. Referent Influence Power that results from being admired, personally identified with, or liked by others.

  38. Management Styles The type of power, and the way it is used, by a manager will be greatly influenced the the type of management style he/she chooses to use.

  39. Early Theories Of Motivation (cont’d) • Motivation-Hygiene theory (Herzberg) • intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction and extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction • Hygiene factors • Factors, such as working conditions and salary, that, when adequate, may eliminate job dissatisfaction but do not necessarily increase job satisfaction • Motivators • Factors, such as recognition and growth, that increase job satisfaction

  40. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory EXHIBIT 10.4

  41. Contrasting Views of Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction EXHIBIT 10.5

  42. Contemporary Theories Of Motivation • Three-needs theory (McClelland) • The needs for achievement, power, and affiliation are major motives in work • Need for achievement (nAch): the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, to strive to succeed. • Need for power (nPow): The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. • Need for affiliation (nAff): The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

  43. Contemporary Theories Of Motivation (cont’d) • Equity theory (Adams) • Employees perceive what they get from a job situation (outcomes) in relation to what they put into it (inputs) and then compare their input-outcome ratio with the input-outcome ratios of relevant others. A CONCERN WITH FAIRNESS

  44. Contemporary Theories Of Motivation: Equity Theory (cont’d) • Referent • In equity theory, the other persons, the systems, or the personal experiences against which individuals compare themselves to assess equity. • The choice of a particular set of referents is related to the information available about referents as well as to the perceived relevance.

  45. Equity Theory Relationships EMPLOYEE’S ASSESSMENT Inequity (underrewarded) Equity Inequity (overrewarded) *Person A is the employee, and Person B is a relevant other or referent. EXHIBIT 10.6

  46. Equity Theory • When employees perceive an inequity they may: • Distort either their own or others’ inputs or outcomes. • Behave so as to induce others to change their inputs or outcomes. • Behave so as to change their own inputs or outcomes. • Choose a different comparison referent. • Quit their job.

  47. Equity Theory Prepositions • If paid according to time, overrewarded employees will produce more than equitably paid employees. • If paid according to quantity of production, overrewarded employees will produce fewer but higher-quality units than equitably paid employees. • If paid according to time, underrewarded employees will produce less or poorer-quality output. • If paid according to quantity of production, under-rewarded employees will produce a large number of low-quality units in comparison with equitably paid employees. EXHIBIT 10.7

  48. Job Design And Motivation • Job characteristics model (JCM) • Hackman and Oldham’s job description model: • The five core job dimensions are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. • Internal rewards are obtained when: • An employee learns (knowledge of results) through feedback) that he or she personally (experienced responsibility through autonomy of work) has performed well on a task that he or she cares about (experienced meaningfulness through skill variety, task identity, and/or task significance).

  49. Core Job Dimensions • Skill variety • The degree to which the job requires a variety of activities so the worker can use a number of different skills and talents • Task identity • The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work • Task significance • The degree to which the job affects the lives or work of other people

  50. Core Job Dimensions (cont’d) • Autonomy • The degree to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out • Feedback • The degree to which carrying out the work activities required by the job results in the individual’s obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance

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