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264-146 B.C.

264-146 B.C. Carthaginian Empire- 3 rd Century B.C. Round 1: The First Punic War 264-241 B.C. In 264 B.C., Carthage had occupied the town of Messina. This bothered Rome because the town was in the northeast corner of Sicily- very close to Roman territory.

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264-146 B.C.

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  1. 264-146 B.C.

  2. Carthaginian Empire- 3rd Century B.C.

  3. Round 1: The First Punic War 264-241 B.C. • In 264 B.C., Carthage had occupied the town of Messina. • This bothered Rome because the town was in the northeast corner of Sicily- very close to Roman territory. • Although the Romans won a few battles, they realized that victory could only be achieved by controlling all of Sicily.

  4. * In order to control Sicily, Rome would have to win battles at sea- though Rome had no working navy. * The Romans quickly built a fleet of ships equipped with bridges to aid in defeating the Carthaginians. These ships allowed soldiers to fight at sea.

  5. * Rome managed to gain supremacy of the seas. * The Carthaginian leader, Hamilcar Barca, was cornered in Sicily and surrendered in 241 B.C. Hamilcar Barca, Hannibal’s father. Rome 1 - Carthage 0

  6. Rome after the First Punic War. * Hamilcar regrouped his forces and moved into Spain. With him, he took his son Hannibal.

  7. Hannibal Barca * Hannibal was just a young boy when he was with his father in Sicily during the First Punic War. * At an early age, Hannibal was made to swear eternal hostility toward Rome. “I swear that so soon as age will permit… I will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome”

  8. Until his death in 183 B.C., Hannibal’s spent his life in war against the Romans. • In 221 B.C., at the age of 26, he became commander-in-chief of Carthage’s army. • Hannibal wanted revenge for his father’s defeat and attacked cities that were allies of the Romans. Round 2: ROME DECLARES WAR!

  9. The Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) • Hannibal’s objective was clear- the utter destruction of Roman power. • The problem was how to get to Italy from Spain- the Romans had complete naval supremacy. • He did what the Romans never expected he would do-

  10. * Hannibal invaded Rome through the Pyrenees Mountains, across southern Gaul (France), and over the Alps Mountains. One of the most ambitious invasion plans in history.

  11. * Hannibal left Iberia in 218 B.C. with about 35,000 soldiers, including ~40 elephants. * In the Alps, he and his men suffered greatly from from the winter conditions and hostile tribes. * By the time they reached northern Italy, almost all of the elephants had died and his army had been reduced to 20,000 men and 6,000 cavalry. * This number was quickly raised to ~40,000 with the addition of Gauls (who were enemies of Rome).

  12. * Hannibal marched his men around the Italian peninsula for 16 years- and never lost a battle. * During this time he annihilated much larger Roman armies using superior tactics: • Trebia River, 218 B.C. – Of 40,000 Roman soldiers, only 10,000 returned to Rome. • Lake Tresimene, 217 B.C.- 25,000 Romans killed. • Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C.- His greatest victory.

  13. Battle of Cannae 216 B.C. Typical Roman formation- Victory through sheer strength and training.

  14. Preparing for the battle.

  15. Setting the trap.

  16. Double Envelopment: Closing the circle. • 80,000 legionnaires started the fight. • 46,000 killed • 22,000 captured • 6,000 Carthaginians died

  17. “Hannibal, you understand how to win; but how to use your victory, you understand not.” * After his victory at Cannae, Hannibal would not march on Rome.

  18. * After this last disastrous defeat, the Romans would not commit to another major fight. * A Roman general named Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded Spain- cutting Hannibal’s supply lines. * After conquering Spain, he invaded Carthage itself- forcing Hannibal to return home. * Hannibal was finally defeated at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.

  19. Rome 2 - Carthage 0

  20. Round 3: The Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) The Destruction of Carthage

  21. “Censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.” “I declare that Carthage must be destroyed.” Marcus Cato- “Cato the Elder,”: -------Roman Senator

  22. * A Roman army blockaded and besieged Carthage. * Carthage withstood the siege for three years before yielding to the might of Rome. * Romans looted and burned the city down to its foundations and sowed salt into the soil to make it infertile and no further crops would ever grow. * Of the 250,000 citizens of Carthage, 50,000 survived the massacre– only to be forced into slavery.

  23. Roman Republic was growing into an empire… 100 B.C.

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