Non- metallic minerals

1. EUROPEAN STATISTICAL TRAINING PROGRAMME (ESTP) Course on “Material Flow Accounts”, Vienna, 3-4 October 2013 Non-metallicminerals Aldo Femia

2. Concepts and data sources / 1 SEEA’sdistinctionbetweenNatural Resources and Productsis a fundamentalconceptualreference. (asprobably for all EW-MFA items) Thereis no statisticalsurveyspecificallyconcerned with «mineralnaturalresourcestaken from the naturalenvironment»assuch. Allsources are aboutproducts. Physicalproductflows are the more correct a proxyfor EW-MF(A) the nearerthey are to the naturalresourcestaken from nature. Wetry and account for allproductsthat are the first appearanceof (transformed) naturalresourcesinto the products’ world (the economy), and try and avoidaccounting for productsthat are subsequentappearances (derivates).

3. Concepts and data sources/2 Run-of-mine concept: in principle holds for all minerals For non-metallic ores the difference between run of mine and reported production is usually not relevant. In other words: we can assume that the transformationonlyconsistsin the «separation from nature» so thatphisicalP flow isequal to NR’s. Moisture content is usually not much variable. Measurement units Most sources report data on non-metallic minerals in mass unit. However, some statistics may provide data in cubic meters (m3)=> convert to tonnes. Table 16 in the CG provides conversion factors (selected materials)

4. Concepts and data sources /3 Most of the times, it is sensible to include products in DE or exclude them just on the basis of their names. However, in the statistics there may be overlaps, between minerals called in different ways. Especially when data come form multiple sources, but often also within the same source. For some products, then, the name/classification is not sufficient to tell whether they directly result from extraction or stem from transformation of some other material. In practice, in the data, a problem may arise when a firm runs vertically integrated activities, i.e. if it extracts product x and also transforms it into product y. In this case it may report the production of both x and y. In the EU Prodcom, it must. Only if the transformed product is well identified as such, no problem arises. Otherwise, there is a double-counting risk.

5. Data sources / PRODCOM (CG: 3.2) IN THE EU: Industrial production statistics (PRODCOM): comparable data at the national and the European level. PRODCOM reports both, monetary and physical data for volume sold, and total physical volume. The concept of DE in EW-MFA refers to the act of extraction of natural resources from the natural environment. Data on total physical volume are more fit for use in EW-MFA as they comprise also extracted mineral materials which are not sold but used for intermediate consumption within the extracting establishment, as well as internal transfers (from one unit to another one of the same firm).

6. Data sources / “conceptual gaps” of the PRODCOM The CG mentions: a) Suppressing of values for confidentiality reasons – a problem for official statistics?; b) coverage for at least 90 % => small scale companies’ production under-represented; c) Responding units are firms. Extraction of minerals by firms whose main activity is out of scope of PRODCOM, like construction, agriculture, transport… is not regarded. PRODCOM typically under-reports so called bulk mineral materials (construction minerals, like sand and gravel or crushed stones and clay for manufacturing of brick). => estimation models. Useful additional information: whole range of activities involved in minerals extraction (e.g. from industrial associations of extractors or users, as the cement industry).

7. Data sources / OTHER NATIONAL Other possible national sources: Statistics from ministries, geological surveys and from industrial associations, annual business reports of individual mining companies. Administrative data (e.g. Italy: Regions). Minerals predominantly used for industrial purposes (more valuable) are usually covered rather well by sources different from the PRODCOM. Unfortunately these usually represent only a small fraction. Consult, evaluate and possibly compare all available National sources!

8. Data sources / INTERNATIONAL BGS, USGS (as for metals): estimates from comprehensive cross checking of various sources. Correspondence table EW-MFA - PRODCOM classification - lists of materials in BGS and USGS: Annex 5. Warning: BGS and USGS do not clearly follow any established statistical product classification. USGS: higher aggregation than PRODCOM, aggregation level differing across countries. Some difficulty with raw materials names. Correspondence table in Annex 5: most common level of aggregation of raw material categories.

9. Classification (Compilation Guide: 3.1) Derived from CPA (2002). Links to CPA and other classifications in Annexes to the questionnaire (Annex2, Annex 3, Annex 5).

10. Questionnaire, Annexes 2 and 5 Annex 2: Correspondence table between the EW-MFA categories of metal ores, non-metallic mineralsand fossil energy materials with codes of Eurostat's energy statistics/balances, PRODCOM and CPA. After some adjustment, can be loaded into a DB FOLLOWING SLIDES: Annex 5 (has link to BGS, USGS names)

11. Beforegoingintodetails on minerals… Are there mineralogists in the room? Native English speakers? What do rat poison and porcelain have in common? And Paper and toothpaste?

12. A.3.1 Marble, granite, sandstone, porphyry, basalt, other ornam. or building stone (excl. slate) INCLUDES LIMESTONE AS DIMENSION STONE PRODOM 2007! PRODCOM 2012: 08.11.12.90 Porphyry, basalt, quartzitesand other monumental or building stone, crude, roughly trimmed or merely cut (excluding calcareous monumental or building stone of a gravity >= 2.5, granite and sandstone) Look into the microdata in order to isolate Quarzites or use proportions from 2007 (…)

13. A.3.2 Chalk and dolomite Chalk should be unambiguos: (“a soft, white, porous form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. It is also a sedimentary rock. Uses are widespread and comprise blackboard chalk, to mark boundaries, in sports, applied to the hands or to instruments to prevent slippage, and as tailor's chalk.” CG2013, p. 45) Nevertheless, it provides a nice example of possible imperfections in the data. It has been translated in the Italian PRODCOM (as well as in the CN!) as “creta”, which is a kind of clay! => data on real chalk are probably included in those for gypsum (“pietra da gesso" which is used for plaster, decorations, etc., and belongs to A.3.6).

14. Data compilation / A.3.2 Chalk and dolomite (continued) Dolomite as a mineral consists of calcium magnesium carbonate in crystals. Dolomite rock (also dolostone) is composed predominantly of the mineral dolomite. Like limestone it is commonly used as crushed-rock aggregate, for cement production, and for other industrial and agricultural uses. In case an estimate based on cement production (“model” to be shown) is done for data for limestone, the estimated value may include some dolomite => consult a national expert on cement production for clarification.

15. A.3.2 Chalk and dolomite (continued): casesthatdeserveattention The nameisnotsufficient to identify the productsas the first appearance of naturalresources ! The sameapplies to Pre-coatedaggregates (23.99.13.20), assigned to Sand and Gravel

16. A.3.3 Slate “fine-grained, homogeneous, metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low grade regional metamorphism”. Used for: roofing slates (shingles), laboratory bench tops, billiard table tops. In tiles: interior and exterior flooring or wall cladding (CG2013, p. 46)

17. A.3.4 Chemical and fertilizer minerals “phosphate rock”. 90% used for fertilisers; detergents, animal feedstock, many other iron disulfide. Used for sulphurdioxide, e.g. for the paper industry, and for sulphuricacid. fundamental for the chemical industry. 3 main types: (1) from mining: A.3.4. (2) from desulphurisationof petroleum (3) unused by-product of petroleum extraction. Only (1) should be reported under A.3.4. However also (2) is included in Prodcom data by product => look atfirms, whetherthey are quarries Among others, potassium minerals, essential in fertilisers, chemicals and explosives. If in K2O content, calculate run of mine (in Germany: 55%.) high specific gravity chief source of barium salts used for rat poison, glass and porcelain Additive for smelting, solding… glass and enamels. soluble source of both Mg and S for plant nutrition - epsomsalts, pharmaceutical products, paper and sugar, dying material

18. A.3.5 Salt EXCLUDED (see minutes of the meeting of the Task Force on Material Flows June 2013) It is a case where the code is in principle sufficient to decide. NACE 10.84, Manufacture of condiments and seasonings , includes “processing of salt into food-grade salt, e.g. iodisedsalt”, whereas salt “extraction” belongs only to NACE 08

19. A.3.6 Limestone and gypsum Gypsum: hydrationproduct of anhydrite, very soft, composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate. Fertilizer, main constituent in many forms of plaster. Alabaster not here (A.3.1, ornamental stone) Here, only limestone that is used for industrial purposes (flux and production of lime or cement). Limestone dimension stone: A.3.1.; Crushed limestone aggregate: A.3.8. Compilation tool in the sheet “limestone v1” of the questionnaire. USE IT! Limestone for cement = Max (statistics on limestone for cement production; 1,19 x cement) Don’t forget: - Limestone for other industrial use - Dolomite may replace limestone

20. A.3.7 Clays and kaolin Key ingredient in “glossy”paper; ceramics, medicine, bricks, food additive and preservative, toothpaste, cosmetics. Kaolin and other special clays are commonly well documented in statistics Clay and loams for construction are often not or under-represented. Converting the data on production of clay products into amounts of crude clayis a good idea fro gap-detecting and gap-filling. The suggested estimate (tool “Clay v1”) is around 1.349 ton crude clay per ton of clay product, which however is not sufficient because data on some clay products in tons may not be available. PRODCOM gives bricks in cubic meters and roofing tiles in number of pieces (see table 18).

21. A.3.8 Sand and gravel «Special» sands, e.g. fireresistant, forglass and ceramics, chemical production, for use as filter… usually well documented – as all highly valuable materials structural engineering (concrete) civil engineering: (layers in road construction, in concrete elements and asphalt). Statistics may not report these items adequately EXCLUDED Producing enterprises are classified as Manufacturing (NACE 23) or Construction (NACE 43).

22. A.3.8 Sand and gravel /gap filling Compilation tool - sheet “sand and gravel v1” of the questionnaire. 0. Rule of thumb. If below 1 tonne per capita, not credible. sand and gravel required for the production of concrete 1a) Estimate based on concrete production data Sand and gravel input [t] = concrete production [t] x 0.67 but: on site concrete notreported 1b) Estimate based on the consumption of cement. 6.09 x cementapparentconsumption Production: samecodesas for limestoneestimation Import–export: HS items 252321 (White Portland); 252329 (other Portland); 252330 (Aluminous); 252390 (other).

23. A.3.8 Sand and gravel /gap filling Compilation tool - sheet “sand and gravel v1” of the questionnaire. 2. for road layers (freezing protection and carrying layers) Possiblyfind (e.g. throughexperts) nationalfigures on sand and gravelrequired: - per km new roads - per km existing road (maintanance, enlargement) Otherwise, use Germanvaluesprovidedasreference for maximum limit (correct per averagewidth and otherfactors, e.g. frostprotection 3. SUM 1. and 2. and take highest valuebetweenthis estimate (+ 10% + industrial sand – recycledinputssubstitutingvirginsand and gravel) and directstatisticalsources.

24. Data compilation / A.3.9 Other n.e.c. Quarzite, do youremember? «Otherminerals»

25. A.3.9 Other n.e.c. / comprises NaturalBitumen and asphalt, asphaltitesand asphaltic rock: mainly for road surfaces. Petrochemical products excluded. Precious and semi-precious stones: pumice stone, emery; natural corundum, garnet and other natural abrasives for various industrial purposes. Synthetic diamonds are excluded. Graphite: stable form of pure carbon, mainly used in refractories. Quartz and quartzite for e.g. optical industry or metallurgy. Siliceous fossil meals like Kieselgur, Tripolite, Diatomite and other siliceous earths, used e.g. as absorption agent or for insulation. Asbestos, a fibrous mineral, restricted for serious health reasons. Steatite and talc magnesium silicates, for several industrial uses. Feldspar essential component of glass and ceramic.

26. Data compilation / A.3.10 Excavated earthen materials (including soil), only if used (optional reporting) – OPTIONAL reporting under Reg. 691, and only for the USED part. NOT covered by the CPA classification employed by Eurostat's production statistic data base (PRODCOM). No standardised estimation procedures available. Only the Italian Statistical Office’s experience is mentioned in the compilation guide. Italian method: • Calculation of surface newly covered by buildings • Application of depth coefficients • Split into used/unused baste on waste data (weakest part) Rough, incomplete… betterthannothing.

27. Specific issue: crushed rock “Broken natural stones for road-, railway-, waterway-, and building”, reported by some statistical sources May be A.3.2 (chalk and dolomite), A.3.6 (limestone and gypsum), A.3.9 (other non-metallic minerals n.e.c.), or alsosandstone, volcanicstones, basalt, granite, quartzite, gneiss... 1. Compare sum of limestone, gypsum, chalk, and dolomite, and bitumenand asphaltrock to «crushed rock» 2. If«crushed rock» is more, add the difference to A.3.6 and addfootnoteaboutitsweight and howithasbeenestimated

28. Otherestimationapproaches Statistics Austria and IFF - Sand and stone. Compare the monetary values of PRODCOM with the corresponding monetary values of the Structural Business Statistics (SBS, has comprehensive coverage). ISTAT - Grossing up ALL PRODCOM physical data By using monetary SUTs. Should allow improve also indirect estimations. Requires additional analysis of monetary data for the mineral extraction activities.