Language as a disguise for information

1. Language as a disguise for information knowledge is organized bits of information information is organized bits of data

2. Some typical disguises 1. Text as a uniform mass By providing tests of the currently available hypotheses, by creating a more universal system of knowledge, and by offering a new development in debate the origins of modern humans, this project will make a major academic contribution.

3. Some typical disguises 1. Text as a uniform mass This project will make a major academic contribution by: -providing tests of the currently available hypotheses; -creating a more universal system of knowledge; and -offering a new development in debate the origins of modern humans.

4. Some typical disguises 2. Text with no IS signals I decided to have a bath. I turned on the tap, but there was no water. I picked up the bucket and went to the river. There was a 12-foot crocodile on the river bank. I decided not to have a bath.

5. Some typical disguises 2. Text with IS signals I decided to have a bath. I turned on the tap, but there was no water, so I picked up the bucket and went to the river. But there was a 12-foot crocodile on the river bank, so then I decided not to have a bath.

6. Some typical disguises 3. Text as a blend of levels: -rhetoric -background -concrete content

7. 3. Text as a blend of levels: Visionary 19th century French writer Jules Verne once described a fantastical future world where cars would run on air. He may not have been totally wrong. Inventor, car enthusiast and environmentalist Guy Negre has built a car powered by compressed air. Inside Negre's car, cold air compressed in tanks to 300 times atmospheric pressure is heated and fed into the cylinders of a piston engine. Negre hopes it will be chuffing along roads across the world within the next few years. No combustion takes place, so there is no pollution. In fact, says Negre, the air from the exhaust pipe is cleaner than the air that goes in, thanks to an internal filter. The air car, which he says will cost 6,800 euros ($6,700), looks a little like DaimlerChrysler's easy-to-park Smart city car, with one row of seats wide enough for three and a curved, pod-like front end. "We needed an alternative to the gas-guzzling norm so I decided to make one," the former Formula 1 racing engineer told Reuters at the Paris motor show, where his toy-like run-around nestled among the latest sports cars. Some point out that, although the car itself pumps out no pollutants, the electricity needed to compress the air still comes from power stations that spew fumes or leave behind hazardous nuclear waste. "The concept of a car driven by air is not totally ridiculous," said John Wormald at the Autopolis consultancy, adding that air-powered locomotives were used to help dig Alpine railway tunnels to avoid pumping out toxic fumes. Negre says his CityCAT car runs for a maximum of around 10 hours at low speed before it needs refuelling. He insists this is not a problem as drivers will be able to recharge at home.

8. 3. Text as a blend of levels: Visionary 19th century French writer Jules Verne once described a fantastical future world where cars would run on air. He may not have been totally wrong.Inventor, car enthusiast and environmentalist Guy Negre has built a car powered by compressed air. Inside Negre's car, cold air compressed in tanks to 300 times atmospheric pressure is heated and fed into the cylinders of a piston engine. Negre hopes it will be chuffing along roads across the world within the next few years. No combustion takes place, so there is no pollution. In fact, says Negre, the air from the exhaust pipe is cleaner than the air that goes in, thanks to an internal filter. The air car, which he says will cost 6,800 euros ($6,700), looks a little like DaimlerChrysler's easy-to-park Smart city car, with one row of seats wide enough for three and a curved, pod-like front end. "We needed an alternative to the gas-guzzling norm so I decided to make one," the former Formula 1 racing engineer told Reuters at the Paris motor show, where his toy-like run-around nestled among the latest sports cars. Some point out that, although the car itself pumps out no pollutants, the electricity needed to compress the air still comes from power stations that spew fumes or leave behind hazardous nuclear waste. "The concept of a car driven by air is not totally ridiculous," said John Wormald at the Autopolis consultancy,adding that air-powered locomotives were used to help dig Alpine railway tunnels to avoid pumping out toxic fumes. Negre says his CityCAT car runs for a maximum of around 10 hours at low speed before it needs refuelling. He insists this is not a problem as drivers will be able to recharge at home. BackgroundRhetoricConcrete content

9. 3. Text as a blend of levels: Visionary 19th century French writer Jules Verne once described a fantastical future world where cars would run on air. He may not have been totally wrong.Inventor, car enthusiast and environmentalist Guy Negre has built a car powered by compressed air. Inside Negre's car, cold air compressed in tanks to 300 times atmospheric pressure is heated and fed into the cylinders of a piston engine. Negre hopes it will be chuffing along roads across the world within the next few years. No combustion takes place, so there is no pollution. In fact, says Negre, the air from the exhaust pipe is cleaner than the air that goes in, thanks to an internal filter. The air car, which he says will cost 6,800 euros ($6,700), looks a little like DaimlerChrysler's easy-to-park Smart city car, with one row of seats wide enough for three and a curved, pod-like front end. "We needed an alternative to the gas-guzzling norm so I decided to make one," the former Formula 1 racing engineer told Reuters at the Paris motor show, where his toy-like run-around nestled among the latest sports cars. Some point out that, although the car itself pumps out no pollutants, the electricity needed to compress the air still comes from power stations that spew fumes or leave behind hazardous nuclear waste. "The concept of a car driven by air is not totally ridiculous," said John Wormald at the Autopolis consultancy, adding that air-powered locomotives were used to help dig Alpine railway tunnels to avoid pumping out toxic fumes. Negre says his CityCAT car runs for a maximum of around 10 hours at low speed before it needs refuelling. He insists this is not a problem as drivers will be able to recharge at home. BackgroundRhetoric Concrete content

10. Some typical disguises 4. Ambiguity -semantic ambiguity -syntactic ambiguity

11. Some typical disguises 4. Ambiguity -syntactic ambiguity While cycling to work, the bamboo looked so lovely.

12. Some typical disguises 4. Ambiguity -semantic ambiguity The priest married my sister. On a sign: “Fine for Smoking”

13. Some typical disguises 5. Rhetoric clouds New Scientist magazine Scientific American magazine sciencefriday.com

14. Some typical disguises 6. Vagueness or hedging “I am not, indeed, sure whether it is not true to say that the weather is not uncommonly hot.” (adapted from George Orwell, "Politics and the English Language," 1946)

15. Some typical disguises 7. Metaphor / simile

16. Some typical disguises 8. Metaphor / simile 7. Metaphor / simile More than 500 million people live in the shadow of a volcano, but predicting an eruption can be tricky. Forecasts based on periodic gas sampling could be improved with the volcanic equivalent of a breath tester that picks up changes in the composition of gases spewing from its vent. Most instruments would melt if placed inside the mouth of a volcano, but Alton Horsfall and Nick Wright at the Centre for Extreme Environment Technology at Newcastle University, UK, have been using silicon carbide to create electronic components that can venture where no instruments have ever gone before. "Silicon's a wonderful material to about 175 °C and then it goes horribly wrong, whereas silicon carbide runs to around 600 °C on a practical level," explains Horsfall. Silicon carbide's ability to withstand high-temperature and high-radiation environments comes from the exceedingly strong bonds between the silicon and carbon atoms, but these tough properties also make it difficult to work with and expensive to manufacture.

17. Some typical disguises 8. Ellipsis / elision Nick lost weight by dieting; Frank, by exercising.

18. Some typical disguises 8. Ellipsis / elision I like Beethoven more than you.

19. Some typical disguises 8. Ellipsis / elision I like Beethoven more than you. < your liking for Beethoven my liking for Beethoven strong

20. Some typical disguises 8. Ellipsis / elision I like Beethoven more than you. < your liking for Beethoven my liking for Beethoven strong < my liking for you my liking for Beethoven strong