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Chapter 09 Lecture *

Chapter 09 Lecture *. JOINT DAY. Articulations or Joints. Articulation or Joint Place where two bones come together Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement Structure correlated with movement Named According to bones or parts united at joint

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Chapter 09 Lecture *

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  1. Chapter 09 Lecture *

  2. JOINT DAY

  3. Articulations or Joints • Articulation or Joint • Place where two bones come together • Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement • Structure correlated with movement • Named • According to bones or parts united at joint • According to only one of articulating bones • By Latin equivalent of common name

  4. Classes of Joints • Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones • Fibrous • Cartilaginous • Synovial • Functional: Based on degree of motion • Synarthrosis: Nonmovable • Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable • Diarthrosis: Freely movable

  5. Fibrous Joints • Characteristics • United by fibrous connective tissue • Have no joint cavity • Move little or none • Types • Sutures • Syndesmoses • Gomphoses

  6. Syndesmoses • Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments • Some movement may occur

  7. Gomphoses • Specialized joints • Pegs that fit into sockets • Inflammations • Gingivitis • Periodontal disease

  8. Cartilaginous Joints • Unite two bones by means of cartilage • Types • Synchondroses • Joined by hyaline • Little or no movement • Symphyses • Fibrocartilage uniting two bones

  9. Synchondroses

  10. Synovial Joints • Allow considerable movement • Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton • Complex • Articular cartilage and disks • Joint cavity and capsule • Synovial membrane and fluid • Bursae • Pockets of synovial fluid • Bursitis

  11. Types of Synovial Joints • Plane or gliding • Saddle • Hinge • Pivot • Ball-and-socket • Ellipsoid

  12. Plane and Pivot Joints • Plane or Gliding joints • Monoaxial • Example:Articular processes between vertebrae • Pivot joints • Monoaxial • Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas

  13. Saddle and Hinge Joints • Saddle Joints • Biaxial • Example: Thumb • Hinge Joints • Monoaxial • Example: elbow, knee

  14. Ellipsoid and Ball-and-Socket Joints • Ellipsoid • Modified ball-and-socket • Biaxial • Example: Atlantooccipital joint • Ball-and-socket • Multiaxial • Examples: shoulder and hip joints

  15. Types of Movement • Gliding • Angular • Flexion and Extension • Hyperextension • Plantar and Dorsiflexion • Abduction and Adduction • Circular • Rotation • Pronation and Supination • Circumduction

  16. Flexion and Extension

  17. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

  18. Abduction and Adduction

  19. Rotation and Pronation and Supination

  20. Circumduction

  21. Special Movements • Unique to only one or two joints • Types • Elevation and Depression • Protraction and Retraction • Opposition and Reposition • Inversion and Eversion

  22. Elevation and Depression

  23. Protraction and Retraction

  24. Excursion

  25. Opposition and Reposition

  26. Inversion and Eversion

  27. Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint Types Active Passive Influenced by Shape of articular surfaces forming joint Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces Strength and location of ligaments and tendons Location of muscles associated with joint Amount of fluid in and around joint Amount of use/disuse of joint Amount of pain in and around joint Range of Motion

  28. Temporomandibular Joint • TMJ • Combination plane and ellipsoid joint • TMJ Disorders • Cause most chronic orofacial pain

  29. Shoulder Joint

  30. Elbow Joint

  31. Hip Joint

  32. Knee Joint • Modified hinge joint • Menisi: Fibrocartilage articular disks • Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL • Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial

  33. Knee Injuries and Disorders • Football injuries • Bursitis • Chondromalacia • Softening of cartilage • Hemarthrosis: • Acute • “Water on the knee” • Slower accumulation

  34. Ankle Joint • Highly modified hinge joint • Ligaments of arch • Hold bones in proper relationship • Transfer weight

  35. Effects of Aging on Joints • Tissue repair slows • Production of synovial fluiddeclines • Ligaments and tendons become less flexible • Decrease in ROM

  36. Joint Disorders • Arthritis • Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear • Rheumatoid: Caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease • Joint infections • Lyme disease: Tick vector • Gout • Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic)

  37. JOINT DISEASES KANDEH

  38. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE IN WHICH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS THE LINING OF JOINTS & CARTILAGE OSTEOARTHRITIS NONINFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF MOVABLE JOINTS DUE TO AGING & WEAR AND TEAR. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE BREAKS DOWN AND BONE ENDS ARE EXPOSED GOUTY ARTHRITIS: ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACID IN SOFT TISSUES OF JOINTS. DAMAGES ARTICULAR CARTILAGE LYME DISEASE: CAUSE BY BORRELIA burgdorferi (bacteria) which is transmitted by deer ticks. Stages: 1st. Rash, flu-like symptoms. 2nd. Bell’s palsy. 3rd. Arthritis develops JOINT DISEASES CONTD. KANDEH

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