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Percent Formulas, Empirical and Molecular Formulas

AP Chemistry- Review 2. Percent Formulas, Empirical and Molecular Formulas. Many times in chemistry is more useful to represent a compound by its percent make- up. Example: Fe 2 O 3 also known as Iron III Oxide Molar mass is: 2 (Fe) + 3 (O)  2 (56) + 3 (16) = 160g

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Percent Formulas, Empirical and Molecular Formulas

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  1. AP Chemistry- Review 2 Percent Formulas, Empirical and Molecular Formulas

  2. Many times in chemistry is more useful to represent a compound by its percent make- up. • Example: Fe2O3 also known as Iron III Oxide Molar mass is: 2 (Fe) + 3 (O)  2 (56) + 3 (16) = 160g % of Iron would be (112/160) x 100 = 70.00% % of oxygen would be (48/160) x 100 = 30.00% Percent Formulas

  3. Another example in which % formula is useful is found when we deal with hydrates. Hydrates are ionic compounds that are found as crystals and contain water. Example: Copper II Nitrate Pentahydrate Cu+2 NO3-1 So formula becomes; Cu(NO3)2 5H2O So what is the percent of water in this hydrate? Molar Mass 1 (Cu) + 2 (N) + 6 (O) + 5 (H2O) 1 (64) + 2 (14) + 6 (16) + 5 (18) = 278g % of water= (90/278) x100 = 32.37% Hydrates

  4. An anhydrate would be the ionic compound that is left after you have evaporated the water from a hydrate. Obviously this only works if the boiling point of the ionic compound is HIGHER than the boiling point of water? Can you explain why? One very common lab is to identify the moles of water in a hydrate. We want to find the moles of water in a hydrate. MgCO3 X H2O Mass of hydrate + beaker 10.80 g +/- 0.01g Mass of beaker 5.00 g +/- 0.01g Mass after first heating 9.55g +/- 0.01g Mass after second heating 9.21 g +/- 0.01g Mass after third heating 9.20g +/- 0.01g Anhydrate

  5. Mass of the hydrate = 10.80 – 5.00 = 5.80 g +/- 0.02 g Mass of anhydrate = 9.20- 5.00 = 4.20g +/- 0.02 g Mass of water = 5.80- 4.20 = 1.60 g +/- 0.04 g anhydrate: MgCO3 Molar mass of anhydrate: 1( Mg) + 1(C ) + 3 (O)= 1(24) + 1(12) + 3 (16)= 84g Moles of anhydrate: mass of anhydrate/molar mass of anhydrate 4.20/ 84 = 0.0500 moles +/- .48% Water: H2O Molar mass of water = 2(H) + 1(O) = 2 (1) + 1(16) = 18g Moles of water= mass of water/molar mass of water= 1.60/18= .0889 moles +/- 3% Lab calculations

  6. Finally we divide the moles of water by the moles of anhydrate: 0.0889/0.0500 = 1.78 moles +/3.48% or 1.78 moles +/- 3% So our hydrate was MgCO3 1.78 H2O +/- 3% Now in reality the number in front of the water should be a whole number, so most likely our hydrate was MgCO3 2H2O So we can do a % error [( 2-1.78)/ 2] x100= 11% error Once again we can compare our percent error 11% and our uncertainty 3% and discuss what type of error we had and where did it most likely come from. Results of Lab

  7. Empirical formula has the lowest possible ratio between the atoms in a compound. Example: Mg2O2 is NOT an empirical formula because we can reduce it to: MgO ALL ionic compounds are written as empirical formulas. Lowest ratio. Covalent formulas because they are not reduced are NOT written as empirical formulas: Example: Benzene: C6H6 and Ethyne C2H2 both have the same empirical formula; CH Empirical Formula

  8. We start by being given either grams or % of each element in the formula Example C= 27.27% O= 72.73% First we get rid of %, think of them as grams and divide by mass of each element to fond moles of each: C = 27.27/12 = 2.27 moles O= 72.73/16 = 4.55 moles Secondly divide all the answers in first step by lowest number of moles; C = 2.27/2.27 = 1 O = 4.55/2.27 = 2 So Empirical Formula is CO2 Finding an Empirical formula

  9. Sometimes the problems are a bit more difficult, and after dividing by the lowest number of moles we don’t get whole numbers. Example: C = 1.80g H= 0.25g O= 1.60g C = 1.80/ 12 = 0.15moles H= 0.25/1= 0.25moles O=1.60/16= 0.10 C= 0.15/0.10= 1.5 H= 0.25/0.10= 2.5 O= .10/.10=1 Since the C is not a whole # answer we must multiply by 2 to make it a whole #. What we do to one we do to all of them, so; C=3 H=5 O=2 so Empirical Formula is: C3H5O2 Empirical formula

  10. When you are thinking what to multiply by, remember this hint • Ending of .5 multiply by 2 • Ending of .33 multiply by 3 • Ending of .25 multiply by 4 • Ending of .20 multiply by 5 • Those above are the most common multiplication factors: • Remember the rules • #1 Divide by atomic masses • #2 Divide by smallest mole answer from step 1 • #3 If all are not close enough to whole numbers, multiply by factors shown above. Empirical Formula

  11. Remember that MOLECULAR formulas are only used for covalent compounds. They exist as molecules and we do not reduce them to empirical formulas Example C=9.23g H= 0.77g Molecular mass is 78g Step #1 C= 9.23/12= 0.77 moles H= 0.77/1= 0.77 Step #2 C= 0.77/0.77= 1 H= 0.77/0.77= 1 Empirical Formula: CH Empirical Formula Mass: 1(C ) + 1 (H) = 1(12) + 1(1)= 13g Molecular mass/Empirical Mass= 78/13= 6 So Molecular Mass is C6H6 Molecular formulas

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