Northern Europe

1. Northern Europe

2. Countries • Northern Europe • British Isles: Ireland, UK(Scotland, England, Wales) • Scandinavian: (Finland, Iceland, Denmark, Greenland, Norway, Sweden)

3. Greenland Ireland Iceland England Finland Scotland Norway Sweden Denmark

4. Geography Climate is temperate to subarctic

5. Facts: • Size:1,443,368 m² (without Greenland 607,038) • Special Landforms/waters: Plains, plateaus, mountains, glaciers, volcanoes, islands, geysers, English Channel, *Scandinavian Peninsula • Arable land: 13.5% (Greenland: 0%, Iceland: .07%, Denmark: 53%) • Population: 90,151,674 (UK: 61,113,205 Greenland: 57,600 • Birth Rate: 12 Death Rate: 9 • Life Expectancy: Total: 78, Males: 76, Females: 81 (Greenland: total 70, males: 68, Females: 73)

6. Facts: • Nationality: Indigenous (native ex: if from Sweden you are Swedish, Norway is Norwegian) • Ethnic Groups: 80 - 88% Indigenous (same as nationality) • Religion: Christian: 93% (Protestant: over 90%, Roman Catholic: 3% Mostly Ireland) other 7% • Language: Indigenous, English (many bilingual) • Literacy Rate: 99% Males and Females equal • Government Type: Parliamentary Democracy: (constitutional monarchy) Greenland is a confederation with Denmark

7. Parliament • When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its former members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This makes the current Parliament of the United Kingdom one of the oldest legislative bodies in the world. Due to the history and influence of the British Empire, the British parliament has become a model for many other national legislatures. Prime Minister David Cameron

8. Economy: • Economy: Per capita Income: $39,425 (Norway: $57,400, Finland: $34,100), • 10% below poverty level (USA family of 4 is $22,300, one person is $11,100) • Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, fish, hydroelectric, metals • Mixed Economy (more so toward Market than Command) Agriculture: 3.6%, Industry: 23.3%, Service: 73.1% • Agriculture products: potatoes, dairy, barley, livestock • Industry: metal working, ship building, fish • Service: Tourism • Money: Euro (Finland, Ireland) (.65/$1), British Pound (UK) (.4/$1), Kronor(Sweden, Denmark, Norway(7/$1), Krona (Iceland)(6/$1)

9. Movement and Human/Environment Interaction: • 78% urban • acid rain • water pollution due to animals waste or chemical fertilizers

10. Acid Rain • is rain, snow, sleet, or other wet precipitation that is polluted by acids such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid • caused chiefly from the burning of coal, gas, and oil by cars, factories, and power plants • harms the environment over large areas: a) can damage statues, buildings, and bridges, b) has killed entire fish populations in lake c) can harm forests and soil

12. Air Pollution • Smog is a form of air pollution • first used in 1905 to describe the combination of smoke and thick fog that at times hung over London and other cities in the United Kingdom

14. Other Facts: • Iceland: • covered with volcanoes and geysers • In Iceland, less than 1% land is considered arable and cultivation is possible only on that area. Only a quarter of the country is covered with vegetation and just about 1% of that is covered with trees! • Greenland: • World’s largest island, majority is uninhabitable • The official languages of Greenland are Greenlandic and Danish, but English is also widely understood. • Greenland is spread over an area of 836,330 mi², of which around 85 percent is covered with ice. • The national dish of Greenland is boiled seal meat, along with rice and onions.

15. Other Facts: • Scotland: • The official animal of Scotland is Unicorn. • TV, phone, VCR, finger printing, golf, and penicillin were all Scottish inventions. • Ireland: • St Patrick’s Day: March 17 believed to be when Christianity came to Ireland (national holiday) • The average annual temperature in Ireland is about 50° F • Because of the length of the days in the summers, you don’t have to switch on lights till after 10pm.

16. Other Facts: • England: • The London Bridge was destroyed in the year 1014 AD (The Danes versus the Saxons). During the war, the Saxons pulled down the bridge using boats and ropes. This incident is said to have inspired the nursery rhyme ‘London Bridge is falling down’. • The Big Ben is not the name of the clock. The name actually refers to the 13-ton bell in the clock tower. • Britain has many commonwealths (islands) that are a confederation because these areas choose to follow Britain's rule • England became strong in colonization, because of its strong military and navy and its island location in the Atlantic. • Most countries in NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) an international organization created in 1949 for purposes of collective security • Many countries in EU (European Union) an economic and political union of 27 member states (to help and strengthen each member – attempt to have a common currency) • Many countries in UN (United Nations) an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

17. Famous Sites Stonehenge, England Big Ben, England Buckingham Palace Loch Ness, Scotland London Bridge

18. Culture

20. History: • Scandinavian Countries: • Vikings: 793 – 1066 AD, explored most of Europe and helped settle it. Came from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. They were a warlike people. (also called Norsemen or Northman), 800 – 1000 raided and conquered with ships, then started settling (farming and trading) • 981 Eric the Red discovered Greenland, 1000 Leif Erikson (ERIC’S SON) explored North American coast • Greenland – 2 Myths about naming: 1)To keep the Vikings away, 2) Eric the Red called it Greenland to attract settlers

21. Vikings

22. During WWII • Sweden – neutral country but has an army for defense only • Denmark – helped hide Jews during WWII • Finland – fought with Germany in WWII (primarily against Russia) because Russia had tried to take over and because they felt cheated after WWI • England – fought with allies

23. Ireland • Ireland – settled by Celts, conquered by England in 1100 AD, England treated the Irish as lower class citizens, many English tried to force the Irish to be Protestant, but Ireland remained Roman Catholic • 1916 -1921 Ireland fought England and gained independence, but Ireland spilt between Northern and Southern Ireland (north wanted to be Protestant and support England, the South Catholic). Much fighting (bloody). Today much more peaceful.

24. Potato Famine • The Great Famine or Irish Potato Famine(was a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration (leave)) in Ireland between 1845 and 1852during which the island's population fell by between 20 and 25 percent.Approximately one million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland.The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease. • By the 1800s, the potato had become the staple crop in the poorest regions. More than three million Irish peasants depended on the vegetable which is rich in protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins.

25. United Kingdom • Early name was Britannia • 1000-1300 was the Dark Ages (middle ages, Medieval Period) • Feudalism: Kings ruled the kingdoms. They allowed Lords to rule smaller sections of the kingdom. These areas were called Manors. • Manors consisted of a house, a small village (200-300 people), farmland, forest, and water areas • Serfs (peasants) worked the land for protection or to pay off debt • 4 days of the crops went to the Lord of the manor and the other 3 were for the serf’s own family • Serfs were attached to the land • As kingdoms grew and greed increased, the need for soldiers increased • Knights became the chief protectors and Manors became castles

29. Knight’s armor

30. UK continued: • 1139 - 1189 King Henry II reigned. This was the time of the crusades (The Crusades were a series of military campaigns against the Muslims of the Middle East to regain Jerusalem) and Robin Hood (the name Robin Hood was given to outlaws, he was just a fictional character) • 1215 the people forced King John to sign the Magna Carta (limited the king’s powers of taxation and required trials before punishment) Began constitutional monarchy. • Kings believed in Divine Right. (God gives them the right to rule.)

31. Coat of Arms • Scroll: A banner or ribbon on which the surname is written. • Crest: A crest is the topmost element of the design. • Crown: Kept the mantle in place. Some show a wreath instead. • Helmet: Worn by knights during battles. • Mantle: Placed over the knights' helmet; the colors were important. • Coat of Arms: The shield with small design elements called charges. • Motto: Some families have a family motto. Design ideas

32. Bubonic Plague • In the early 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China. The bubonic plague mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people. Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly. Plague causes fever and a painful swelling of the lymph glands called buboes, which is how it gets its name. The disease also causes spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black.

33. The plague had spread as far north as England, where people called it "The Black Death" because of the black spots it produced on the skin. • In winter the disease seemed to disappear, but only because fleas--which were now helping to carry it from person to person--are dormant then. Each spring, the plague attacked again, killing new victims. After five years 25 million people were dead--one-third of Europe's people. • The disease was only halted by the Great Fire of London in 1666 which killed the rats and fleas which carried the disease.

34. Ring Around the Rosie • (Ring around the rosy) The symptoms of the plague included a rosy red rash in the shape of a ring on the skin. • (Pocket full of posies) Pockets and pouches were filled with sweet smelling flowers (or posies) which were carried because the people believed that the disease could be stopped by good smells. • The term (Ashes Ashes) refers to the cremation of the dead bodies! • (We all fall down) people died.

35. Saying “Bless You” • Considered a polite response to a sneeze, the phrase is attributed to Pope Gregory the Great, who said it to people who sneezed during the bubonic plague.

36. UK continued: • England controlled Scotland (Scottish people were called highlanders, their families were called clans) until 1371 • 2 families (1 Scottish and 1 British) married to unite the area, but each area would have their own monarch • Mary Queen of Scots became queen of Scotland when she was only 1 week old. * Mary’s rule of Scotland was not successful. She was captured, imprisoned and beheaded by her cousin Queen Elizabeth I.

37. 1525 - 1540 Henry VIII married 6 times because he wanted a son. The six wives of King Henry VIII were, in order: Catherine of Aragon (annulled), Anne Boleyn (annulled then beheaded), Jane Seymour (died, childbed fever), Anne of Cleves (annulled), Catherine Howard (annulled then beheaded), and Catherine Parr (survived). Of the six queens, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn and Jane Seymour each gave Henry one child who survived infancy—two daughters and one son, all three of whom would eventually accede to the throne. They were Queen Mary I, Queen Elizabeth I, and King Edward VI. • After fight with pope (he wanted to get marriage annulled or be divorced) created the Church of England with himself the top person

38. 1547 Henry’s son Edward became King at 10 years old after Henry’s death, he died within 6 years, and Mary became Queen of England. • 1553 – 1558Mary wanted England to be Catholic again. She earned her name “Bloody Mary” for having burned at the stake over 300 Protestants for the Roman Catholic faith • Mary died 1558, her sister Elizabeth became queen

39. Bloody Mary • Mary, Mary, quite contrary • How does your garden grow? • With silver bells and cockleshells • And pretty maids all in a row. • Queen Mary was a Catholic and the garden referred to is the graveyards which were increasing in size with those who dared to continue to practice the Protestant faith. The silver bells and cockle shells were instruments of torture. The 'maids' were a device to behead people similar to the guillotine.

40. Elizabeth made England Protestant. This was a time of world exploring, colonizing and William Shakespeare. • She died in 1603, her nephew James becomes King of Scotland and England and authorizes the KING JAMES BIBLE • British settled the colonies (1718) in N. America • (1733) Industrial Revolution (see slides) • The Seven Year War (1756-1763) is the war between Britain and France in Europe. • TheFrench and Indian War (1754–1763) is the war between Britain and France for control of North America. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the French and the Native American tribes • Fought the American RevolutionWaror War of Independence (1775-1783) • (1788) prisons were overflowing in England, convicts/debtors sent to settle Australia

41. Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution started in England around 1733 with the first cotton mill. As new inventions were being created, factories followed soon thereafter. Factory owners, needing cheap, unskilled labor, profited greatly by using children and women to run the machines. By the age of 6, many children were already working 14 hours a day in factories! These kids had no free time to do anything else and earned low wages. Some got sick and died because of the toxic fumes, while others were severely injured and sometimes killed working at the dangerous machines in factories. 

42. The Industrial Revolution introduced machines to textile manufacturing, printing, papermaking, and engineering industries. The most significant machines were steam engines and the machines used to make cloth. • Until the eighteenth century, transportation of goods was powered by humans or animals. Organic sources of fuel were wood, charcoal, or water power. Beginning in the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution began to rely on coal to produce the high temperatures needed to smelt iron. Eventually it also became a source of heat for the steam engine which would lead to the railroad.