Bluetooth-Based Opportunistic Medical Monitoring in P2P Networks

1. Opportunistic Medical Monitoring UsingBluetooth P2P Networks Dae-Ki Cho, Seung-Hoon Lee, Alexander Chang, Tammara Massey, Chia-Wei Chang, Min-Hsieh Tsai, Majid Sarrafzadeh and Mario Gerla Department of Computer Science University of California, Los Angeles

2. Outline • Motivation • Introduction • Bluetooth Overview • Patient Monitoring and Record Management • NurseNet • BlueAlert • Experiment • Simulation • Conclusion

3. Motivation • Gaining popularity of ubiquitous computing in medical field • Tiny, non-intrusive computing nodes, integrating sensors, actuators and radios can be applied to the human body to monitor vital signs. • Limited bandwidth of GSM (e.g., EDGE), using Bluetooth or WiFi in medical monitoring is more appropriate. • However, access to Bluetooth and WiFi access points may be intermittent • The data can propagate hop-by-hop through the peers

4. Introduction • To examine the feasibility and effectiveness of • Opportunistic ad hoc networking using Bluetooth • Data muling of medical records from patients to the Internet medical database. • BlueTorrent • A P2P file sharing application based on ubiquitous Bluetooth-enabled devices • The Bluetooth network may be used to alert a nurse that a patient has a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.

5. Bluetooth Overview • Extended Inquiry Response (EIR) • Short, urgent message propagation • Supported by a new BT version • No connection delay

6. Patient Monitoring and Record Management • Identifying two scenarios and propose two techniques NurseNet and BlueAlert • NurseNet • Large scale techniques (e.g., WiFi, 3G) are not adequate or not allowed in some environments. • BlueAlert • The conventional Bluetooth-based patient monitoring system is not suitable for emergencies due to Bluetooth connection establishment time (typically, 5-10 seconds).

7. Scenario I: NurseNet • NurseNet is a patient data uploading system to the Central Database • The patients device passes the medical data to a caregiver (say, nurse) device that then transfers the stored data over Bluetooth P2P to the database. Figure: NurseNet Architecture

8. Scenario II: BlueAlert • BlueAlert is an emergency alarm protocol • For urgent messages, Bluetooth devices change their data propagation mode from BlueTorrent to BlueAlert. • Use a new Bluetooth feature called EIR • EIR travels across a Bluetooth overlay without any connection delay

9. Experiment Environments • Where: Parking lot • Size: ~ 75 X 75 meters • Open Space • battlefield or disaster area • When: Late Night • Minimize interference • Three Components • Patient/Nurse/Doctor • Used Kensington 33348 Bluetooth dongles (v2.0 EDR, Class 2, and Broadcom chipset) for nurse nodes, patient node and BT-AP node.

10. Experiment Setting • Patient • Moves inside a designated area of 10x10 meters • Equip with two different body sensors – ECG and Pulse Oximeter • Continuously transmit data to Gateway through Bluetooth Connection • Nurse (Three nodes) • Collects data from patients • Moves around • Exchange data with other nurses • Doctor • Data collector

11. Experiment Result • All nurse nodes contribute to data dissemination • Nurses exchange data, then upload data to AP • As the number of hops increases, data delivery delay decreases

12. Simulation Setting: NurseNet • Simulation Parameters • Area: 100 x 50 meters • Nodes: 50 patients + 5 nurses • Node Speed: 1 meter/seconds (Only nurse moves, Patients are static) • P: 20% (Returns to the main office.) • At the office, the nurse uploads the data collected so far at one of the BT-APs. ………… Patient Nurse …………

13. Simulation Setting: NurseNet (cont) • The setting is a Field Hospital. Each patient has body sensors and a Bluetooth-enabled gateway. The sensors keep generating medical data. • Patient: static (50 nodes) • Nurses: Mobile (5 nurses, average speed: 1m/s) • Stay with a patient for 5 minutes on average • Examine two different Bluetooth Overlay mechanisms • P2N(Patient-to-Nurse): Nurse collects data from one patient • P2N + N2N(Nurses-to-Nurse): Nurses exchange data each other

14. Simulation Result: NurseNet Collection time Uploading time • Collection time • The collection delay is quite high. This is in part due to the assumption that the nurse does not collect data during the pause. • Relaxing this constraint reduce the collection from 3000 to 100 seconds from annalistic model • Uploading time • With N2N exchange, data upload rate to the hospital increases (and latency decreases) with number of nurses and with P.

15. Simulation Setting: BlueAlert • Patients move escorted by nurses • Suddenly, one of patients needs an emergency care from a nurse. • Emergency data is propagated by P2P using Bluetooth EIR • Compare the emergency alarm propagation delay with BT2.0 and BT2.1(EIR) Patient Nurse Emergency

16. Simulation Result II • Parameters: • Area: 100 x 100 meters • Nodes: {50, 100, 150 patients} + 5 nurses • Node Speed: 0.5 meter/seconds (Nodes are patients) • Delay measured until one of nurses receives an emergency message from a random patient. • Analysis • The more number of hops helps the emergency data to reach to one of nurses • EIR: Even though the number of hops increases, propagation delay decreases because EIR does not take any connection delay among hops; the data is immediately delivered to the next hop. • But 2.0 takes connection setup delays along with each hop and it causes large delay. Delay(seconds) Number of Hops Number of nodes Number of nodes

17. Conclusions • Examined Bluetooth based Patient monitoring system • Established Feasibility and effectiveness of data muling by Bluetooth Overlays

18. Future Work • Simulations • Update the simulation scenario so that the result of our simulation is more close to real world results. • Experiments • Implement BlueAlert once Bluetooth v2.1 is available and merge BlueAlert and NurseNet together. • Brain storm on how to utilize EIR other then BlueAlert • E.g., When NurseNet nodes exchange their file lists. (Reduce connection time)

19. Thank you Q&A